M.L. 2018 Projects

We have completed 1 county, started 4 new counties, and continued work in 11 counties. Based on the time spent, this is equivalent to “completing” about 4 atlases with one year’s worth of funding. Atlas maps and data provide foundational information that supports water management activities to the benefit of drinking water and aquatic habitat.

A Geologic Atlas provides the geologic framework of our state. It describes the materials and features at the land surface and extends all the way down to the bedrock surface. An atlas provides information useful for resource management and land-use planning. Each Atlas typically requires more than 7,000 person-hours of work. Some of that work is in the field: drilling test borings, examining, sampling, and describing outcrops. Much of the work follows after: interpreting field measurements, recognizing and formally naming geologic units described in well records, and making maps. The result is a detailed account of the distribution and properties of the rock and sediment that lie below the land surface. These materials, and their ability to store or transmit water, determine where we can find water, and how we can protect and make wise use of that water. This includes our lakes and rivers as well as groundwater.

As part of this 2018 award, we completed Kandiyohi County, started work in Cook, Yellow Medicine, Polk and Chippewa counties, and continued working in 11 other counties. We’ve described hundreds of outcrops, taken thousands of hand samples, and drilled nearly 30 continuous cores allowing us to sample rocks and sediment up to 325 ft deep.

We completed the equivalent of about 4 atlases with the ML 2018 funds, which were exhausted in one year of spending. This represents a higher number of atlases completed than our average of 5 atlases a year with all (CWF, DNR, and ENRTF) funds combined.

Continuing under the M.L 2019 award, atlases for Rock and Nobles counties will be complete within the next 3 months. Aitkin, St. Louis, Lake, and Steele counties should be finished within the next 12-18 months. The County Geologic Atlas program began in 1981 and continues with support of the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund as well as the Clean Water Fund, the Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S. Geological Survey. To date we have completed atlases for 43 counties, 23 are underway; and 21 have yet to be started. All of our mapping products and data are available in print or digital format.

Every atlas is produced in portable document format (PDF), as geographic information system files (GIS), and in printed form. The digital files are available as a DVD, and are also available from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, and via link from the MGS web page. Each project culminates with a meeting held in the project area to present the results to the county staff, and any other interested parties. At these meetings the products are described, access to the products is explained, and examples of applications of the products to common resource management situations are demonstrated. The products of subprojects in St. Louis and Lake counties are being released in digital form immediately following technical review. When all the subproject areas are complete county-wide compilations will be created and distributed digitally and in print. The printed copies are shared with the county, who in turn can distribute them to libraries, schools, townships, and other agencies. They are also distributed by the MGS map sales office. Products are also made available to earth science teachers and other educators for classroom exercises. Atlas products are also displayed and explained at educational events for SWCD staff and onsite sewage treatment system contractors.

Kandiyohi County Geologic Atlas is available online through the University of Minnesota Libraries Digital Conservancy. Interim products that will become the St. Louis and Lake County Atlases are also available online. Completed atlas products have been posted to the MGS website and linked to the University’s Digital Conservancy as noted above. PDF products as well as all of the related GIS data are available on these pages.

In addition, the MGS hosts an Open Data Portal on which many of our county geologic atlases are presented as “Story Maps” that allow for direct access of the data without any special software or interface.

This project created an automated system, which is capable of delivering satellite derived near real-time data and maps of key water quality measures (chlorophyll, clarity, CDOM), and updated the Minnesota LakeBrowser with new data and capabilities to visualize the water quality of all Minnesota lakes to improve data-driven resource management.

Using satellite imagery, we have been assessing lake water quality in Minnesota for over 20 years. For early assessments, we used analyst directed image processing techniques using remote sensing software and empirically calibrated each satellite overpass with in situ water clarity data. These assessments were at around five year intervals due to the effort required and availability of clear satellite imagery. Recent advances in satellite technology (improved spectral, spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution) and atmospheric correction, along with cloud and supercomputing capabilities have enabled the use of satellite data for automated regional scale measurements of water resource characteristics. These new capabilities provide opportunities to improve lake and fisheries management by measuring more variables (chlorophyll, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and total suspended matter, the main determinants of water clarity) more often.

To utilize these capabilities this project developed field-validated methods and implemented them in an automated water quality monitoring system on University supercomputers. The system acquires satellite imagery, removes clouds, cloud shadows, haze, smoke, and land, and applies water quality models to deliver satellite-derived water quality products. Using this system we created statewide monthly open water (May through October) pixel level mosaics and lake level data for each clear image occurrence. The lake level (2017-2020) data included 603,678 lake measurements of chlorophyll, clarity and CDOM (1,811,034 total) that were compiled into a database that was used to calculate water quality variables for different timeframes (e.g. monthly, summer (June-Sept)) and linked to a lake polygon layer that was used for geospatial analysis and included in a web map interface. The Minnesota LakeBrowser was updated with monthly chlorophyll, clarity and CDOM data from 2017 to 2020 and new capabilities for citizens, resource managers and researcher to easily access the data for specific lakes and regions.

Communication of project results used a range of outlets. The primary mode of dissemination is the update and expanded Minnesota LakeBrowser. This website provides content for diverse users including citizen scientists, lake users, homeowners, classrooms, natural resource managers, researchers at agencies and academic institutions. The updates improved search and allow visualization of long term (1975-2020) and seasonal (May-October) trends for individual lakes in graphs, and for individual lakes or regions in pixel or lake level maps. Results were also disseminated through social media and in presentations made at conferences and state agencies and will be disseminated in peer reviewed literature.

The Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas provides online access to 150 years’ of natural history information by integrating and disseminating data from state agencies, museums, colleges, and universities. It enables the general public, natural resource managers, educators’ and researchers to investigate past and present biodiversity patterns and make predictions about future directions.

This project expanded an online natural resource database situated at the University of Minnesota’s Bell Museum to include data from multiple state agencies and museum collections. Extensive records of Minnesota biodiversity, past and present, are the product of ongoing biological surveys by agencies and organizations beginning with the Public Land Survey in 1848. As the official state museum of natural history, the Bell Museum is responsible for preserving and making available records of Minnesota plant and animal life. These records are the bellwether of informed responses to environmental change but literally millions of data points remain scattered among state agencies, museum collections and academic institutions.

The Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas serves to integrate and disseminate biodiversity data online. This second phase II of this project increased the size of the Atlas from 640,000 to 1,585,000 records of mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. Additions included expert observations from the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency and also specimen records from the University of Minnesota Duluth, the Science Museum of Minnesota, the College of St. Benedict’s/St. John’s University, and Minnesota State University, Mankato.

Understanding biodiversity change in Minnesota and adapting to it are essential for cultural, economic, and environmental health. The Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas provides the historical baseline against which contemporary observations are compared to manage our natural heritage today and into the future. The Atlas is used by natural resource professionals, educators, and the public for species identification, distribution mapping, habitat assessment, restoration planning, management decision making, and learning. During the project, the Atlas grew to 500,000 digital images and 1.4 million mapped records. Software development needs for a mobile phone-friendly version of the Atlas were also identified.

Online retrieval of data from the Minnesota Biodiversity Atlas grew from 76,000 page views in 2018 to 307,000 in 2021. Visitors to the Bell Museum also learn about the Biodiversity Atlas in the Minnesota Journeys gallery and it featured in a traveling exhibit that received over 70,000 in-person visitors. Two training workshops in using the Atlas were offered to over 30 natural resource professionals from across the state. In local media, it was twice featured on the “Grow with KARE” segment on channel 11 and in the Minnesota Daily.

This project monitored 48 peatland sites for four years providing critical new information on hydrology during wet and dry years, boreal chickadee breeding habitats (some of the first data of its kind), and plant diversity. Data show regeneration harvests do not significantly impact the water table and vegetation responds quickly.

Peatlands provide critical ecosystem services for Minnesotans, which include helping to maintain clean drinking water, providing important forest products, serving as critical habitat for many wildlife species including the boreal chickadee, and storing huge amounts of carbon. However, these are very understudied systems and climate change and other forest health threats are impacting peatland forests. Over a four year period, we’ve monitored 48 sites that span four different age classes and three different forest cover types (eastern larch, productive black spruce, and stagnant black spruce) to understand how vegetation, hydrology, soils, and wildlife species interact within peatland forest communities. Over the course of the 48 years, we have measured thousands of trees and hundreds of different plant species to gain a fuller picture of plant species diversity and growth within peatland forest communities. We have some of the most robust data on boreal chickadee habitat use and early survival, which is critical for this species of great conservation need in Minnesota. Finally, we have hundreds of data points over multiple years on the daily hydrology within these systems to understand how water levels change over the growing season. All of this is critical base line data that can help information management practices within peatland forest communities. Results have been shared locally, regionally, and nationally through presentations and webinars, which include the basic data and sharing how to gather collectively across multiple disciplines to inform holistic management practices within forest ecosystems. Our results show that peatlands are not negatively impacted by harvesting in the vegetation and hydrology. Additional work is needed to consider how different harvest strategies may influence wildlife use within peatland forest ecosystems.

We are currently working on final edits and submission for two peer reviewed papers with an additional two papers in progress that will continue outside of the granting program. Results have been shared through multiple forms including local news stories, including Scientists hang 500 birdhouses in Sax-Zim Bog to study boreal chickadees, presentations to forest managers at the Research Review hosted by the Sustainable Forest Education Cooperative, to a special symposium on wet forests which brought together researchers and managers to discuss opportunities and challenges within peatland forest communities.

We documented the potential impact of moss and lichen on the flow of water and pollutants through Minnesota forests. This impact varies across the state depending on the forest type but can reach more than 15% of each rain event. Pollutant filtering effects are smaller but not unimportant.

Moss and lichen are common in forests, and yet they are often overlooked. But this does not mean unimportant: they retain water and heavy metals, and so a mossy forest may function quite differently from a barren one. This project aimed to quantify how much moss and lichen is in Minnesota forests and to estimate their impact on water flows and pollutant retention.

To reflect the diversity of Minnesota’s landscape, we established 83 plots in 30 counties across the state to provide detailed and region-specific coverage of all of the major forest types recognized by the DNR. We recorded which species were present, their abundance (on forest floor, tree trunks and fallen branches), and collected the most abundant ones for lab analyses. 1650 unique specimens were collected.

The amounts vary greatly across the state, from less than one pound per acre to over 1,500 pounds per acre. These translate into sometimes considerable water storage capacity. With respect to heavy metals, contents were often quite low, at fractions of a pound per acre. We will follow up with future work on urban lichens to determine whether this is due to the lack of pollutants in forest sites. By combining our results with existing maps of forest coverage, we’ve been able to map these contributions across the state.

Another objective of the work aimed to test these estimates with experiments of how much water and elements are retained in the lab and field. Due to delays, these experiments were only installed in Spring 2022, and their continued monitoring and analysis will be funded from other sources.

Overall, our findings draw needed attention to an overlooked component of our forests, both in terms of diversity and impact on water cycles.

The activities and findings in this project have been shared with the general public through a number of venues, including public presentations through Minnesota Master Naturalists, Minnesota Mycological Society, and the Bell Museum of Natural History; workshops attended by 30-50 people each at Minnesota Naturalists Association Annual Meeting (2019) and Cedar Creek Ecosystem Reserve (2019, 2022-115 participants!); a booth in the University of Minnesota pavilion at the MN State Fair and several other events. Scientific dissemination has so far included an undergraduate-led peer-reviewed publication and oral presentations at three international conferences. Further scientific publications are planned for late 2022.

The project created a dashboard and database that aggregates data from The Raptor Center and Wildlife Rehabilitation Center. Data can be visualized, mapped, and analyzed in real-time, allowing stakeholders to interact with their data in new and informative ways and facilitating earlier detection of health threats or emerging environmental issues.

Identifying population health threats in wildlife over time and space is challenging, as data collection can be expensive and time-consuming. An alternative solution is to use existing primary care data from wildlife rehabilitation centers, which can act as sentinels. Establishing an information management and alert system to monitor wildlife health by merging databases of the two major wildlife rehabilitation centers of Minnesota. Use of the database to investigate environmental and land-use drivers of wildlife health.

The electronic databases of The Raptor Center and Wildlife Rehabilitation Center were merged into one database, which is set to be supported by the database server of the University of Minnesota. An online dashboard platform was created to facilitate visualization and descriptive analysis of the submissions. The dashboard is comprised of location maps and temporal graphs with the option to sort according to date range, species groups, location, clinical and diagnostic characteristics, resolution, and the circumstance that lead to the wildlife submissions, including entrapment and habitat destruction. Anomalies of submissions, i.e. more submissions from a specific area within a short span of time than expected, assessment was done using spatial scan statistics. This approach of anomaly detection may help clinicians to investigate, conduct surveillance, and be vigilant about emerging threats to wildlife health. While the anomaly detection is not featured in the online dashboard, the research provides a ‘baseline’ of expected seasonality and space-time patterns of submissions.

The project lead to increased collaboration between clinicians and researchers, and opportunity to use population statistics in their work. Understanding the species group-specific seasonality and space-time patterns of all species groups collectively provides a unique opportunity to monitor the population health trends, investigating drivers including environmental and land-use changes, and eventually informing Minnesotans to be in alert and take actions to improve wildlife health.

The online dashboard has been shared with both the centers and a virtual meeting participating researchers of the University of Minnesota, developers of Epi Interactive of New Zealand (collaborator), and the clinicians from the two wildlife rehabilitation centers was held in May, 2020 to demonstrate the functionality of the dashboard.

Three scientific manuscripts are in being prepared in relation to this project and they are intended to be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication: Dashboard development, Spatiotemporal patterns of wildlife health, and Monitoring West Nile virus in the metro area of Minnesota.

Dashboard development: The manuscript would describe the importance of using existing databases as a potential passive surveillance or sentinel system to recognize wildlife health threats. The details would include database merging process, geocoding options (recognizing the submission location based on the provided address or location description), and the steps in development of the dashboard.

Spatiotemporal patterns of wildlife health: The manuscript would describe time-series and spatiotemporal analytical methods that were used to determine seasonality of submissions and the ‘expected’ numbers of submissions. Moreover, the manuscript would describe a novel approach to detect space-time anomalies where multiple species groups were submitted from the same area within a short span of time compared to the expected ‘baseline’. This method of detecting ‘cluster submissions’ also supports determining the key drivers led to submissions such as habitat-destruction. The manuscript would describe the method using a subset of data from both the centers and relevant examples of temporal patterns and 'cluster submissions'.

Monitoring West Nile virus in the metro area of Minnesota: The manuscript and the data analysis intends to demonstrate spatiotemporal patterns of West Nile virus (WNV) detected in mosquito, bird, animal, and human populations focusing on the seven-county metro area of Minnesota. This disease specific research project extends the proposed utility of existing wildlife rehabilitation data and bring other parallel databases together for the analysis. The collaborators who contribute with relevant data are Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) providing human data, Minnesota Board of Animal Health (MNBOAH) providing animals detected with WNV such as horses, and Minnesota Mosquito Control District (MMCD) providing the data relevant to mosquito surveillance. The research project is currently at the analytical stage.

Golden-winged Warbler, Veery, and American Woodcock are species of conservation concern in Minnesota and have had significant population declines throughout their breeding ranges. We documented nest success and used radiotelemetry to study juvenile survival to identify habitat characteristics and management actions that maximize productivity and inform conservation efforts.

Minnesota’s forests provide critical breeding habitat for hundreds of resident and migrating bird species. Current land use practices and future modifications to Minnesota’s forests are likely to substantially transform native forest bird communities. Golden-winged Warbler, Veery, and American Woodcock are species of conservation concern in Minnesota and have had significant population declines throughout their breeding ranges. For breeding birds, conservation efforts are most effective when management plans include recommendations aimed at maximizing breeding season (nesting to post-fledgling) productivity. However, the period of time directly after young birds leave the nest and before they disperse and/or migrate (i.e., the post-fledging period), remains an understudied life stage for most bird species. To address this knowledge gap, we documented nest success and used radiotelemetry to study juvenile survival and habitat use for Golden-winged Warbler, Veery, and American Woodcock in managed forests. Our results showed that nest success (one or more birds fledged per brood) was 47% for Golden-winged Warblers (n= 51), 39% for Veery (n= 43), and 67% for American Woodcock (n= 13). Documented nest failure for all species was due to predation and weather events. A total of 72 Golden-winged Warbler fledglings were tagged with a survival rate of 39%. Juvenile survival was highest for Veery fledglings (n= 35) at 83%. A total of 31 American Woodcock hatchlings were tagged during the study with a survival rate of 71%. Over 85% of mortality events occurred when birds were less than seven days post-fledge, indicating this as a high-risk time period for these species. Vegetation surveys were completed at all locations where birds were detected using handheld telemetry (Golden-winged Warblers (n= 620), Veery (n= 384), and American Woodcock (n= 281)). These data are being used to provide breeding cycle habitat recommendations for managing forested landscapes to maximize productivity and prioritize conservation efforts.

The preliminary results of the research were presented at 13 conferences during the course of project; the study was featured on MPR; and four articles have been written about different aspects of the study. Data from this research was incorporated into a fact sheet “Managing for Birds of Conservation Interest in the Great Lakes Region”, which features habitat and management recommendations for Golden-winged Warbler. Three peer-reviewed publications are expected to be published in 2023. The final results will be incorporated into the Golden-winged Warbler habitat management recommendations.

We used automated radio telemetry to understand habitat needs of Minnesota’s birds. Specifically, we tracked birds across large and local-scales to document breeding, migratory and winter movements. Automated radio telemetry systems are useful for studying animal movements and can help to increase public awareness and impact for conservation efforts.

We explored the use of automated radio telemetry for tracking Minnesota’s birds. We documented large-scale movements along the north shore of Lake Superior with Blue Jays and Northern Saw-whet Owls, colonial waterbird behavior on Interstate Island with Common Terns, local-scale migratory stopover in the St. Louis River Estuary with Rusty Blackbirds, and winter activity levels and movements in Hartley Park with Black-capped Chickadees. Each of these studies provided us with a greater understanding of the flexibility and adaptability of automated radio telemetry technology to answer a range of questions in different situations and seasons. Overall, we found the use of this technology to document small-scale movements of Rusty Blackbirds, Black-capped Chickadees, and Common Tern to be the most valuable and suggest it as a relatively low-cost way to study local movements while potentially enhancing migration studies simultaneously. For example, using an automated telemetry station at Interstate Island allowed us to obtain additional behavioral information on breeding Common Terns before the birds left and interacted with any foreign automated radio telemetry towers registered on the Motus system. We suggest researchers that are deploying VHF tags for the purposes of long-range migratory studies strongly consider deploying automated telemetry stations like those we developed for this project in strategic locations nearby tagging sites. In this way, researchers will be able to obtain potentially large amounts of local-scale data that can then be used to inform and enhance any large-scale detections after a bird migrates from the trapping site. Bird tracking research has broad public appeal, and stories of bird migrations provide an effective way to engage non-scientists and even non-birders in understanding the many threats small migratory landbirds face.

The preliminary results of the research were presented at eight conferences during the course of project and the study was featured on MPR in 2019. Two peer-reviewed publications are expected to be published in 2022, one focusing on Common Tern and other on Rusty Blackbirds. We set up an additional Motus station at Sax-Zim Bog in 2020 to help facilitate research in this important area of the state. We established a website for the citizen science portion of the Black-capped Chickadee study in Hartley Park. A full report for this study is available on the Natural Resources Research Institute website.

Conservation plans are based largely on summer dynamics between fish, food sources, and water temperatures. Yet, winter-emerging aquatic insects, primarily Chironomidae, are a locally abundant and critical resource for trout. This project provides insights about winter air and water temperatures, lifecycles of aquatic insects, and impacts on stream food webs.

Accurate identification of Chironomidae (midges) is imperative to preserve trout’s winter food base. Failure to accurately identify species may result in under-representing species richness and overestimating abundances. This project provides insights about how winter weather impacts stream food webs and specific insect species, which should inform future decisions about habitat conservation and freshwater management practices.

Specifically, the research team collected water and temperature data from over 30 stream sites in the driftless region of Minnesota, which provided insights on how groundwater, air temperature, geology, and streambed conditions interact during winter. The team also identified and preserved Chironomidae specimens. From linear regressions of air and water temperature, and incubations at various temperatures of live-collected Chironomidae, our results indicate that even short-term exposure to warm air temperatures shortens lifespans of winter-active midges that emerge from groundwater dominated streams. We also found that midges can be parasitized even in good quality groundwater dominated streams, further altering their longevity.

Given that many winter species look very similar, additional molecular analysis allowed us to identify insects more accurately. Using a type of DNA analysis (MtDNA), our team examined genetic patterns and variability among insects sampled. According to sequencing data, Diamesa mendotae species were found across six streams (Pine Creek, Clear Creek, Miller Creek, Lawrence Creek, Winnebago Creek, and Vermillion River) and D. nivoriunda species were present in four of these streams. Seven mated pairs were also collected from Pine Creek, Clear Creek, and Miller Creek.

Because few insects can emerge during Minnesota’s snowy and cold winters, it is important to understand how streambed conditions, geology, and temperature can impact the longevity, emergence, and reproduction of winter-emerging aquatic insects like Chironomidae. These research insights are key for maintaining healthy streams and abundant trout, and can positively impact Minnesota’s fishing, outdoor recreation, and economic resources.

This research provided the basis for a graduate student Master’s thesis, chapters of a student’s PhD dissertation, and an undergraduate student’s honors thesis, which are available to other scholars via ProQuest. Important insights were also shared at the International Society for Freshwater Science conference, and research was published in multiple peer-reviewed academic journals. Specimens are available for public use in the University of Minnesota’s Insect Museum with supplemental data files. We created communication materials and used one-on-one online interviews to evaluate messaging and to inform future outreach efforts. Our team created a website with educational materials that showcase stream food webs in the winter, the lifecycle dynamics of winter aquatic insects, and their vital importance to Minnesota streams.

Baseline information in the form of bathymetry and imagery were developed for the National Park Service for native mussel habitat suitability. These data have the analytic capabilities to be viewed and modeled in a digital environment to help understand mussel distribution, define preferred habitat parameters, and identify key habitat locations for restoring imperiled mussels.

The U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected depth information and sidescan imagery for areas of the National Park Service (NPS) Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MISS) and the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (SACN). For known locations of preferred mussel habitat, additional collection efforts of river flow velocities and underwater video of bed composition were collected. Prior to this project, MISS had no accessible bathymetry data above Pool 1, and SACN did not have any accessible bathymetry (other than a small area near Prescott, Wisconsin). The LCCMR ENRTF provided the opportunity to acquire bathymetry data where needed and make this information available to NPS resource management to help aid decision-making for the conservation of native mussels. Goals for this project were to collect high-resolution sonar data of three rivers where none previously existed. The data is delivered in digital format for modeling hydraulic variables related to native mussel habitat suitability. The USGS provided usable information in the form of bathymetry and topography (hillshades and sidescan imagery) for areas of full collection, and habitat measures of flow velocities and bed characterization for priority areas. Initially implemented as a two-year project, data collection was planned for each park in consecutive years. Due to the pandemic, some data collection was delayed a year. Bathymetric surveys for the lower SACN consisted of approximately 1,775 hectares (4,385 acres), and approximately 1,358 hectares (3,335 acres) were collected for MISS. Outcomes consisted of high-resolution bathymetry in the form of 0.5-meter digital elevation models, 3-D hillshade representations of the surface (using patterns of light and shadow), and sidescan images mosaics — which provide an underwater view of geomorphic features. Flow velocities and bed composition combined with bathymetry can be used to locate areas with similar features as the NPS priority areas. In order to provide complete coverage for MISS, the U.S. Corps of Engineers (USACE) main channel data were used for Pools 1, 2, and 3. The resulting merged bathymetry were generated at a lower resolution (5 meters) due to USACE collection parameters. This project is significant because it provides bathymetry where none previously existed for Minnesotans, and it provides valuable information to the NPS for imperiled mussel habitat modeling by locating other suitable areas for conservation efforts. Natural resource management and policy makers face an increasing number of environmental issues. These data combined with other river conditions can be used to help inform decision-making for aquatic invasive species, agricultural practices, riverfront development, erosion, sedimentation, and climate change.

Dissemination included a formal USGS review for data and metadata, prior to release on the USGS data repository. Datasets and metadata for the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway and the Mississippi National River and Recreational Area can be found online. This project was posted as a resource for current USGS projects at Develop Sonar Data Mapping on Three Rivers to Assess Suitability for Native Mussel Habitat (usgs.gov).

The information resulting from this project is currently being incorporated into a Freshwater Mussel Database (NPS Focused Condition Assessment) for MISS and SACN, which will further be linked to a Freshwater Mussel Decision Support System (USGS Natural Resource Preservation Program) for resource management. Furthermore, the NPS and USGS partnership plan to pursue additional funding for MISS to map untapped information that can be derived from the sonar data; and to collect additional bathymetry and flow data where none still exists on SACN.

The Minnesota Zoo conducted research and implemented conservation actions including nest site protection and head-starting to bolster wood turtle populations. We studied methods to mitigate road mortality of turtles, with results suggesting that simple tube barriers may be effective. Our outreach efforts raised awareness and encouraged action to benefit conservation.

Native turtles are a key component of diverse, healthy, and resilient aquatic ecosystems, inspiring connections to nature for children and adults alike. However, populations of turtles in Minnesota face numerous threats, including habitat loss and degradation, high predation of incubating nests, and mortality on roadways. With this project, the Minnesota Zoo sought to improve the conservation of turtles by 1) collecting data to quantify two key threats – road mortality and nest predation – and implement and evaluate mechanisms to mitigate these threats; and 2) building public awareness by developing educational and outreach materials for use during on- and off-site programming.

We outfitted imperiled wood turtles with radio and GPS transmitters, improving our understanding of their habitat needs and allowing us to identify and protect nesting sites. We reared hatchling wood turtles in captivity for their first year of life to improve their chances of survival in the wild and bolster depleted populations while other threats are addressed. To date, we have successfully released 68 one-year-old wood turtles back to the wild.

We also investigated strategies to mitigate mortality of turtles on Minnesota’s roadways via cost-effective mechanisms including wildlife warning signs and small barriers. Although warning signs did not significantly reduce turtle mortality, corrugated pipe barriers were promising and yielded a decline in mortality of ~50%.

Finally, a variety of materials, including interpretive signage, a 3-dimensional snapping turtle model, and a children’s book, were created to support educational and outreach programming and inspire public action to benefit the conservation of turtles. Healthy populations of turtles are an integral component of aquatic systems, and we anticipate that our results will inform effective management strategies that can benefit conservation at sites state-wide.

Sharing information about the importance of turtles and their conservation was a key objective of this project. The Minnesota Zoo used a variety of platforms to disseminate significant findings and engage the general public in the conservation of Minnesota’s aquatic resources, ranging from informal talks, public lectures and tabling events to media spotlights and distributing content on our social media channels. Media highlights include features on PBS’s Prairie Sportsman, Kare 11’s Minnesota Bound, a Minnesota Lottery commercial, and a variety of other print and television media outlets. This professionally produced video highlights the ecology and conservation of turtles in Minnesota.

Wastewater treatment systems are critical infrastructure to manage waste effluent within hundreds of communities throughout Minnesota. Optimization means getting better results through existing infrastructure. This project determined that both mechanical and pond wastewater treatment systems can be optimized, and new effluent limits met, without adding substantial new infrastructure.

Achieving better nutrient treatment in wastewater treatment facilities serves to reduce the likelihood of algal blooms in Minnesota’s water bodies resulting in cleaner lakes and rivers.

This project found that Minnesota’s mechanical wastewater treatment plants can achieve better biological nutrient removal (BNR) through low-cost operational changes. These improvements were modeled using the Activated Sludge SIMulation Model (ASIM) in order to determine the specific plant operational parameters required to achieve BNR. On average, mechanical plants in this pilot were modeled to have average nitrogen reduction of 14.14 mg/L, average phosphorus reduction of 1.84 mg/L (most sites already treat phosphorus chemically to 1 mg/L) and chemical reductions of 886 lb chemical/Million Gallons (MGal) flow.

Wastewater ponds can achieve much better nutrient treatment by utilizing the ‘Steady-State Primary’ strategy developed during this project. This strategy involves holding the first pond at six feet, or the maximum depth permitted) with a slide gate. Raw influent continues flowing into pond 1, while treated effluent from pond 1 is used to fill pond 2. Meanwhile, pond 3 is also held full. This strategy maximizes treatment time and drastically improves nutrient treatment quality. The two developed case studies showcase a 69% reduction in phosphorus and 43% reduction in nitrogen when compared to the prior year’s effluent. Secondary recommendations to wastewater ponds is to reduce inflow and infiltration, reduce fecal loading from waterfowl, and to encourage the growth of aquatic plants, with a specific emphasis on the growth of coontail.

By quantifying the role that optimization has in effective wastewater treatment, Minnesota’s lakes and streams can meet standards in a more cost effective means.

The project and its results have been presented in 17 different events and conferences by members of this team, including Minnesota Rural Water Association’s annual conference, Minnesota Pollution Control Agency’s annual conference, the Conference on the Environment, and many others. However, only one mechanical treatment plant has elected to move ahead with a pilot study, and one additional has expressed interest in doing so in the near future. The team has heard from staff and consultants of participating facilities that without a nitrogen standard as a driver, they feel little urgency to adopt optimization recommendations. Other facilities are meeting phosphorous limits under current flow, but would face difficulty at increased flow. Additionally, BNR design and operation is not a common treatment system in our Minnesota climate, and there may be some trepidation to moving toward that form of treatment until other facilities lead the way.

We have seen eight pond systems adopt the steady-state-primary flow regime in their operations, with more hoping to do so in the near future. Those that have done so already have reported roughly 50 percent reduction in nutrient discharge. The flow regime still needs additional validation. But, more discharge events will add more confidence with additional datasets from daily monitoring reports. Better flow management through infrastructure maintenance – making sure the control structures function as designed – is going to continue to be an area of importance in order to prevent short circuiting of the treatment in isolated pond cells.

The final report, the final work product of operator field guides for mechanical and pond treatment facilities, case studies of participating facilities, and additional findings, can all be found here, at the Minnesota Technical Assistance Program’s wastewater webpages.

We performed a comprehensive study on the motions of microscopic plastic particles in water flows. Extensive experiments have been conducted utilizing innovative imaging techniques on laboratory apparatuses, assisted by state-of-the-art simulations on supercomputers. Valuable data have been collected and analyzed for addressing the plastic pollution in Minnesota water bodies.

The amount of plastic waste in lakes and rivers is projected to increase, driven by the rise in plastics consumption. New federal and state legislation has banned the sale of certain products containing micro-beads, but thousands of tons of micro-plastic pollution are already in our waters and will take thousands of years to biodegrade. The objective of this project is to utilize the advanced facilities at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory to carry out a series of experiments and use powerful computation simulations to investigate the motions of microplastics.

This project carried out extensive laboratory measurements of the motion of spherical and non-spherical particles (fibers and disks) in water channel flows. We also conducted the first-ever field measurements of particles transported on the water surface of a small river facility in the Outdoor StreamLab at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. Extensive analyses have been performed on the measurement data. We discovered that fibers tend to orient mostly in the streamwise direction while disks maintain their symmetry axis quasi-normal to the water bottom. The fibers undergo strong tumbling near the bottom in response to the mean shear and turbulent fluid velocity fluctuations, whereas the disks wobble about their preferential bottom-normal orientation. We also developed an advanced computer simulation method for the motions of plastic particles in water flows that can capture particle-particle interactions and particle-flow interactions with unprecedented realism and accuracy. We conducted numerical experiments using a supercomputer to study the effect of breaking waves on the surfaces of lakes and rivers on the transport of microplastics. Using computer simulation, we have also revealed the relationship between microplastic’s preferential orientation in water waves and particle shapes. We have also elucidated the microplastics transport process through comparing the motions of spherical particles, oblate particles. and a mixture of both particles to quantify their transport characteristics in water bodies.

In this project, substantial efforts have been put into sharing the knowledge gained from the research through presentations at national conferences, such as the annual meetings of the American Physical Society, Division of Fluid Dynamics and the Fall Meetings of the American Geophysical Union. A paper has been published in the Journal of Fluid Mechanics (“Experimental investigation of inertial fibres and disks in a turbulent boundary layer” by Lucia Baker and Filippo Coletti, vol. 943, A27), which is a leading journal in the field.

This project produced background information, guidance and recommendations on the benefits and consequences of chloride-based road salt and non-chloride alternatives for de-icing and anti-icing Minnesota’s roadways, which will assist road maintenance decision makers in reducing pollution from winter road management.

Over 100,000 tons of road salt are applied to Minnesota’s roads each year to prevent or reduce snow and ice cover during the winter season. Sodium chloride is typically used because it is inexpensive and effective, but it can corrode vehicles, pavement, and metal structures (e.g., bridges), and it increases chloride concentration in surface and ground waters throughout the state. This results in additional costs for replacing roadway infrastructure and reduces water quality, habitat, and biodiversity in our natural resources. This project investigated alternatives to sodium chloride-based road salt that reduce snow and ice on roadways with less environmental impact. The project team reviewed scientific research papers, performed laboratory experiments, and used computer models to predict the potential environmental impacts of these chemicals on Minnesota’s natural resources.

This project found several outcomes, including: 1) chloride-based road salt concentration can exceed the chronic and acute water quality standards during a typical year; 2) acetate-based alternatives only exceeded water quality standards for low flow rates (low dilution); 3) potassium-based chemicals can be toxic at low concentration, and toxicity thresholds are exceeded when potassium is applied over all roadways for all winter storms; 4) other alternatives such as formate, glycol, glycerol, and succinate have varying performance, application rate, and toxicity thresholds; 5) water-heated sand improves friction compared to bare ice or dry sand on bare ice and can be removed from the environment with simple grit collection chambers; and 6) non-chloride alternatives can reduce the bonding strength of ice to a solid surface. Thus, water-heated sand as an abrasive and organic or hydrophobic non-chloride alternatives can be used to reduce the use of chloride-based road salt and provide more winter benefit on Minnesota’s roadways, but modeling predicts that some of these chemicals could exceed toxicity thresholds if applied for all conditions.

The results from this project have been shared via presentations, interviews, reports, academic journals, and with stakeholders and decision makers during conferences and networking events. Some examples include a web article, two invited annual Minnesota Salt Symposium presentations (2019 & 2021), WCCO’s 10 o’clock news "Good Question: How Does Salt Melt Ice?" with Jeff Wagner, the Transportation Research Board Annual meeting (2022), and several conference presentations and professional meetings. We believe sharing this information has enlightened decisions makers about the dangers of chloride road salts and non-chloride alternatives and how best to use each.

Our study demonstrates that pharmaceuticals and pesticides are commonly found in urban stormwater and can impact aquatic life. Stormwater ponds, especially when augmented with iron-enhanced sand filtration, can often reduce these pollutants, and lessen their impact on Minnesota aquatic environments.

Urban stormwaters carry pollutants, including pharmaceuticals and pesticides, into Minnesota streams, rivers, and lakes. Stormwater ponds have not been studied to determine whether they are effective in removing these pollutants. The goal of this study was, therefore, to assess stormwater composition and treatment to inform natural resource managers to the best options for reducing urban stormwater related pollution to Minnesota waters. Our approach combined water chemistry analysis and assessment of biological toxicity in a range of species living in Minnesota waters. We sampled inflow and outflow of seven urban stormwater ponds across seasons and included traditional ponds and those augmented with additional iron-enhanced sand filters. Each water sample was analyzed for a range of pollutants and was also used to expose cells of animals living in Minnesota waters to assess the samples’ toxic potential. Pharmaceuticals and pesticides were commonly found in stormwater. In nearly three-quarters of paired water samples (pond inflow and pond outflow), pharmaceutical concentrations were reduced in the outflow when compared to the inflow. Similarly, in about half of paired samples, pesticide concentrations were lower in the outflow sample. The measured reduction in pollutants was also reflected in improved cell health, but this effect was neither as pronounced nor as widespread as predicted by the water chemistry results. In some instances, exposed cells from some, but not all species did better in inflow water than outflow water and in some instances no changes in cell health were observed. The inconsistency in observed biological improvement may be the result of seasonal differences and/or conditions in specific stormwater ponds. This study demonstrates for the first time that stormwater ponds are effective treatment options to reduce the impact of pharmaceuticals and pesticides on urban aquatic environments. Adding additional filtration, such as iron-enhanced sand filtration can further reduce stormwater pollutants.

Despite the challenges associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, our team was able to give seven presentations related to this study. These include presentations to natural resource managers in Minnesota and to toxicologists at national and international scientific meetings. A St. Cloud State University graduate student completed a thesis on this project in 2020 which is currently being developed into a manuscript. Water chemistry data were integrated into a national USGS data base. Additional manuscripts are being prepared for future publication.

This project designed a small water purification system for drinking water that can simultaneously remove the organic pollutants and heavy metal ions in the water. The system can be connected either to domestic drinking water taps or to water in lakes and rivers.

This project is dedicated to providing clean drinking water to the Minnesota community by designing and manufacturing a small water purification system and providing a possible solution for the water treatment of large water plants. A compact size prototype was first designed to verify the mechanism. Photocatalysis technology was used to remove the organic pollutants, and titanium dioxide was selected as the photocatalyst. Electrochemical reduction was applied to remove heavy metal ions in the water. Finally, the team innovatively combined photocatalysis and electrochemistry to develop a photoelectrocatalytic solution that can simultaneously remove organic matter and heavy metal ions from water. The result shows that the compact system can remove 91.6% percent of the 10-micrometer methylene blue when the mass flow rate is 14.4 milliliters per hour (mL/h), and around 97.5% of 200 parts per million of copper(II) cations (Cu2+) can be removed at the same time. After the theory of photoelectrocatalysis was verified, standard-sized systems were designed and fabricated comprising an ultraviolet lamp, a chamber with active carbon, and a microfluidic system with immobilized photocatalyst. The standard-size system can remove nearly 100% of the 10-micrometer methylene blue and 96% of the Cu2+ in the water with a flow rate of 50 mL/h. The team conducted the field test with the drinking water from Commonwealth Terrace Cooperative, a community for University of Minnesota students and their families, and the water from Mississippi River. The testing results demonstrate the capability of using the designed system to remove organic pollutants and heavy metal ions in the water.

On-site demonstration and tests as described in the activities at a student housing community and Mississippi river from May through June 2022. Communications with interested entrepreneurs have been ongoing with interested parties including local companies and individuals.

The following papers published in archived journals and prestigious conferences:

1. Zhou, P., & Cui, T. (2020). Enhanced photocatalytic efficiency by layer-by-layer self-assembly of graphene and titanium dioxide on shrink thermoplastic film. Microsystem Technologies, 26(12), 3793-3798.
2. Zhou, P., Zhang, T., Simon, T. W., & Cui, T. (2021). Simulation and Experiments on a Valveless Micropump With Fluidic Diodes Based on Topology Optimization. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 31(2), 292-297.
3. Zhang, T., Zhou, P., Simon, T., & Cui, T. (2022). Vibrating an air bubble to enhance mass transfer for an ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensor. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 354, 131218.

Professor Tianhong Cui presented five invited public seminars and talks on water sensors:
Invited Talk, University of Bath, July 4, 2022
Invited Talk, University of Cambridge, July 11, 2022
Invited Talk, EcoLab, May 4, 2022
Invited Talk, French-American Innovation Days, Water Management in Cities, April 8, 2021 (on-line)
Invited Talk, University of Texas at San Antonio, September 13, 2019

Seven full-scale drinking water systems were investigated for the presence of Legionella and Mycobacteria, opportunistic bacterial pathogens of health concern. This research demonstrates these organisms are commonly found in drinking water during the late summer/early fall; water utilities are encouraged to sustain a residual disinfectant to help suppress these pathogens.

The goal of this project was to investigate the presence of opportunistic pathogens at seven public water utilities within the State of Minnesota that treat surface water (i.e., lakes and rivers), as those water sources are expected to be at greater risk of pathogen contamination than deep groundwater wells. Samples were collected from the water prior to treatment (i.e., the water supply), the water immediately after treatment (i.e., finished water), and at two locations from within each drinking water distribution system. Each of the seven utilities was sampled from one to five times at the four locations for a total of 94 unique sample events.

This project demonstrated that known opportunistic pathogens (e.g., Legionella species) can be routinely detected throughout the year in surface water supplies in Minnesota and that water treatment is effective at removing them by 99% or more in most cases. The most concerning opportunistic pathogens that we tested for, Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), were rarely detected and all the observed concentrations in tap water were well below the levels whereby these organisms would be of direct concern (i.e., none of our research results suggest a direct concern with respect to human health). Our results, however, are of indirect concern because these organisms could multiply within a drinking water distribution system should the conditions become favorable for their growth. Hence, our recommendation is that water utilities meticulously maintain a residual disinfectant throughout their distribution systems, particularly in the late summer/early fall when the warmer water creates conditions where Legionella species and MAC are most likely to multiply in the system and to be detected.

Dissemination activities related to this project were severely hindered by the COVID-19 pandemic. We were, however, able to make two different presentations of our preliminary results to the Minnesota Section of the American Water Works association; these presentations were titled “Emerging Pathogens in Lakes, Rivers, and Tap Water” (September 24, 2020) and “Opportunistic Pathogens in Lakes, Rivers, and Tap Water” (September 16, 2021). We are currently writing three different manuscripts for publication in the peer-reviewed literature that will include the results from this study. We will also share our results with Minnesota Department of Health personnel.

Analysis of drinking water resources reveals the presence of a range of unregulated contaminants at low levels. Most of these levels are below health-based guidance, if available. Results are being used to inform development of new health-based guidance and to perpetuate drinking water ambient monitoring.

This project sampled water from 105 public water systems statewide for a wide spectrum of drinking water contaminants. Participating public water systems were organized into three groups: systems that use surface water, systems that use groundwater potentially influenced by wastewater, and systems that use groundwater potentially affected by agricultural land uses. Depending on the group, samples were analyzed for as many as 600 different contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), organic wastewater indicators, and pesticides.

Results for individual systems showed that most contaminants analyzed were not detected in drinking water, but some contaminants were present at low levels. The detections included 84 pesticides, 51 pharmaceuticals, 43 wastewater indicators, 15 PFAS, eight benzotriazoles, and one inorganic compound. Some contaminants were detected at multiple systems. Results were compared against health-based guidance values, if available, although most contaminants analyzed lack health-based guidance values. A few results exceeded available guidance values. In those instances, Minnesota Department of Health staff coordinated with the public water system to validate results and take action where appropriate.

There were detections of contaminants from most classes analyzed, but pesticides and PFAS were the most commonly detected. The most frequently detected contaminants across the study included lithium, pesticides (metolachlor, atrazine, deethylatrazine), PFAS (PFBA, PFHxS, PFOS, PFOA), and tribromomethane. Differences in occurrence or concentration were observed in source versus finished water samples for some groups (e.g., pharmaceuticals, benzotriazoles) but not for others (e.g., PFAS, pesticides). Samples collected in geologically vulnerable settings generally showed higher contaminant concentrations than those collected from non-vulnerable sites.

Results have been used to prioritize and nominate contaminants for the development of health-based guidance. Also, the project has led to creation of a permanent drinking water ambient monitoring program. This ongoing work will help mitigate and manage the exposure to unregulated contaminants through Minnesota’s drinking water.

The project and associated materials are described on the MDH website. This project has spurred creation of risk communication resources for public water systems and MDH staff.

A project summary report has been prepared and will be available on the MDH website by October 2022.

Preliminary results from the project have been presented at the University of Minnesota’s Water Resource Conference (October 2020). A complete analysis of the results is forthcoming and will be prepared for publication.

A professional paper describing the ELISA methodology used in this project is in press for publication. (Krall, Aliesha L., et al, 2022)

Our project mapped and quantified antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in Minnesota waters and soils. These findings are now used to target hotspots to better understand their fate and transformation in waterbodies. Ultimately, this information will be used for antimicrobial resistance mitigation strategies to protect environmental, human, and animal health.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens human, animal, and ecosystem health. Antibiotic use in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and animal husbandry operations (point sources) play a major role in AMR emergence. Discharges and runoff from these point sources which may include AMR and antibiotics enter the natural environment, especially waterbodies, in some cases after going through a treatment system at the point source itself or at a wastewater treatment plant. The project goals included a) developing an “antibiotic footprint” map of Minnesota’s natural environment that would predict areas where antibiotics, resistant bacteria, and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) are most likely to accumulate; b) quantifying concentrations of antibiotics and ARG at sites variably impacted by anthropogenic activities; and c) validating the prediction maps with the data collected across the state to develop a risk-based surveillance system that will aid in statewide AMR mitigation efforts in the natural environment. To achieve the overall project goals, an iterative holistic approach was used which included sampling different environmental matrices at different spatial scales, and the use of diverse statistical and spatial methods to map and predict both antibiotics and ARG. The highest antibiotic concentrations were found near human populated areas, while ARG did not present any specific spatial pattern. The macrospatial approach identified hotspot areas of ARG and antibiotic contamination, and the microspatial approach revealed an influence of wastewater on ARG abundance. The maps and predictions created for waterbodies were useful to identify antimicrobial AMR and antibiotic hotspots areas throughout the state, while the maps created for soil can be used for targeted field surveillance of antibiotics. The environment plays a key role in the dissemination and persistence of AMR, which affects human, animal, and environmental health; therefore, these findings are critical to continue developing mitigation strategies of AMR spread in Minnesota.

This project has produced two peer-reviewed publications (Bueno, I., et al., 2021; and Bueno, I., et al., 2022), and there will be two others submitted soon summarizing the data for the 2020-2021 field seasons. This project has been presented at nine international and domestic conferences both as poster and oral presentations, and during at least two teaching courses. Also, a graduate student used data from this project to conduct her Master’s. One of the dissemination goals was to engage the general public at the state fair, but the COVID-19 pandemic halted that.

Farmers working together in watersheds can build the base of supply chains for new crops that provide continuous living cover of farmland, thereby providing healthy soil, clean water, and abundant wildlife. These supply chains will meet demand for sustainably produced commodities, providing a market-driven pathway to clean water.

We advanced a novel prevention-based strategy for protecting water resources, based on market-driven integration of alfalfa—and other perennial and annual crops that provide continuous living cover (CLC) of farmland—into corn/soybean-based farming operations. Integration of CLC crops will protect water resources, improve soil health, support wildlife, and enhance agricultural production and profit. Specifically, we 1) tested a farmer-led working lands approach for using alfalfa and other CLC crops to improve agricultural effects on water, and 2) did R&D to open new markets for alfalfa. Under 1), we worked with farmers in the Rogers Creek watershed near St. Peter, MN to develop and implement a watershed-scale protection plan based on adoption of alfalfa and other CLC crops, including on-farm implementation plans, and supported pilot-scale production of several novel CLC crops. We monitored water quality, showing that current farming systems are releasing relatively high levels of nutrients. Simulation modeling showed that increased production of alfalfa and other CLC crops can efficiently produce significant improvements in water quality. Economic analyses showed that integrating alfalfa and other CLC crops had good potential to support profitable production. Under 2), we assessed advanced processing and storage practices to reduce moisture-related spoilage and nutrient leaching of alfalfa, identifying eviable practices that reduce these historical impediments to profitable alfalfa production; we developed and assessed new applications for alfalfa, which revealed multiple promising options: biochemicals, nutraceuticals, and high-value sustainably-produced animal and aquaculture feeds; and developed supply-chain connections and identified market opportunities, via development of pilot projects, outreach and knowledge sharing, and novel collaborations. Overall, the project illuminated methods for building new production systems and supply chains needed to support increased production of alfalfa and other CLC crops as a scalable, non-regulatory approach for improving agricultural effects on water resources.

We have disseminated results in reports, provided as appendices to the final project report (available in the Research Reports section here), and many presentations as detailed in the project’s reports. These include the 2019 Minnesota River Congress meeting on “Profitable Farming in Time of Climate Change” meeting, a February 2020 industry meeting on alfalfa utilization, a February 2021 exhibition on value-added alfalfa applications at the Midwest Forage Association’s Symposium, a July 2021 field day at a Kernza® field attended by 75 industry stakeholders, and a June 2022 “Fields of Opportunity” webinar in June that presented an overview of project findings to a large internet audience.

This study established demonstration fields of Intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza®) within wellhead protection areas in central and southeast Minnesota and research results showed the nitrate reduction potential of targeted placement of perennials in areas with vulnerable groundwater.

Nitrate-nitrogen is one of the most common pollutants in Minnesota’s groundwater. In some areas of the state, public and private wells have elevated nitrate levels. Groundwater is most vulnerable to nitrate contamination in central and southeast Minnesota. Areas in central are vulnerable because of widespread sandy soil and in southeast because of shallow bedrock, sinkholes and other geologic features. Intermediate wheatgrass (IWG) is a perennial grass that produces a novel grain, Kernza® and has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching compared to common annual row crop production. This study 1) established demonstration fields of IWG within wellhead protection areas in central and southeast Minnesota and 2) conducted an experiment that compared grain yields, biomass yields, soil nitrate, soil water content, and root biomass under IWG and a corn-soybean rotation for three years on a sandy soil in Central Minnesota. We also 3) conducted grain testing to determine optimum processing of Kernza for various end-use products (crackers, bread, beer, etc). Outcomes included targeted planting of 68 acres of IWG in wellhead protection areas near Chatfield and Verdi. A field day was held at both sites, engaging over 60 people. Results from Activity 2 found that the mean soil nitrate was 77 to 96% lower under IWG than an annual rotation of corn and soybean. Total soil water content did not differ among cropping treatments. Root biomass was 82% lower under soybean than under IWG. Results from Activity 3 include the development of multiple Kernza cleaning and dehulling process workflows that include equipment needs, costs, and Kernza grain quality outcomes. The results from this project show that IWG effectively reduces the risk of nitrate leaching when grown on wellhead protection areas, and that the farming and food community is eager to continue exploring IWG as a new crop for water protection.

Field days at two locations with ~60 participants on site. Events highlighted in newspaper articles. Case study/ project summaries written by Green Lands Blue Waters. Master’s student research is in process of being submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Deliverable for Activity 3 includes a technical report on cleaning intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza) as well as resources for food processors to integrate it into their business operations.

The research supported by this grant is part of a larger network of research and implementation efforts around Kernza. Resources are compiled on a Kernza website, including resources for the cleaning and dehulling process.

This pilot project developed a water management framework plan along with associated appendices to submit an overlay permit for water quality credit trading to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. This work may provide water quality solutions to MS4 permittees bound by funding constraints.

This project was a collaborative effort between the SRRWD, the City of Albert Lea and utilized a technical advisory committee that consisted of Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), Board of Water and Soil Resources, and Department of Agriculture staff.

Stormwater credit trading begins when an upstream landowner, or discharger, reduces pollution or nutrients below levels that are required by law. Those nutrient reductions are then verified, and measured by third party scientists and translated into “credits” that are sold to a credit bank. Downstream towns or cities could then purchase those credits instead of spending multi-million dollars in stormwater system retrofits.

The outcome of this project is the Fountain Lake Phosphorus Stormwater Water Quality Trading Management Plan. This document includes the regulatory requirements, policies, trade ratio, credit transaction value, and program administration behind stormwater credit trading. Attached to this plan are the appendices that support the management plans reasoning and forms that could be used to establish a credit trading program. The end result is a set of documents that are ready for an MS4 entity to submit to MPCA for possible approval of stormwater credit trading to take place. Please note the MPCA would have the authority to approve, modify or deny a stormwater credit trading program in the State of Minnesota. A working credit trading program such as this can provide water quality benefits at a reduced cost, contributing to the fishable, swimmable, drinkable waters initiative.

Documents that are available for dissemination include the Fountain Lake Phosphorus Stormwater Water Quality Trading Management Plan and the cost effectiveness for water quality trading report. These documents will be sent to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the Board of Water and Soil Resources, and Department of Agriculture. Both documents can also be found on the Shell Rock River Watersheds District website and submitted to LCCMR staff.

Lakes Winona, Agnes and Henry have historically contained phosphorus levels that exceeded the State’s standards. The outcomes of the alum treatment to Lake Agnes resulted in a 96% reduction in internal phosphorus loading compared to pre-treatment conditions. Common carp density in Lake Winona remains high despite two removal events.

Lake Winona is a shallow lake in Alexandria, MN that receives discharge from a wastewater treatment facility operated by the Alexandria Lakes Area Sanitary District (ALASD) as well as stormwater from the City of Alexandria. Lakes Winona, Agnes and Henry are known collectively as the Winona Chain of Lakes which ultimately flow into Lake Le Homme Dieu. The lakes have been negatively impacted by over enrichment of nutrients and high densities of common carp (carp), which contribute to poor water quality conditions.

Reducing nutrient loads from multiple sources and reducing common carp density in Lake Winona is necessary to meet water quality standards in the Winona Chain of Lakes. In 2019, ALASD was awarded a Legislative-Citizen Commission on Minnesota Resources (LCCMR) grant to implement an adaptive lake management plan (Plan) for the Winona Chain of Lakes. The primary goals and activity of the grant work plan includes the following:

1. Alum treatment in Lake Agnes to reduce the internal phosphorus load by 90%.
2. Reduce carp density in Lake Winona to sustainable levels to prevent adverse impacts on water quality and aquatic vegetation.

Several management actions have been implemented to-date through the LCCMR grant, which included two applications of alum to Lake Agnes, tracking carp movement among the lake chain, installation of a carp barrier between Lakes Winona and Agnes, and two carp removal events that removed over 6500 individuals. The alum treatment successfully reduced internal phosphorus loading by over 90%. In combination with ALASD’s efforts to keep phosphorus levels below their permit limit in the discharge, Lakes Agnes and Henry are currently meeting water quality goals. Unfortunately, common carp density in Lake Winona remains high. Nutrients and carp are common problems in many Minnesota lakes, which require significant effort and resources to reduce for water quality improvement.

The Alexandria Lake Area Sanitary District (ALASD) has been working with local partners to share management results and work collaboratively with other stakeholders to provide feedback and support on ongoing management efforts for the Winona Chain of Lakes. In May 2023, Stantec produced a technical report that summarized efforts with adaptive lake management of the Winona Chain of Lakes and documented progress towards goal attainment. A high-level Executive Summary of the report was produced which is posted on the ALASD website and written for the public to document management efforts, progress towards goal attainment and challenges with water quality improvement.

Prairie Sportsman inspires Minnesotans to connect with the outdoors, explores advances in environmental science, and shows ways we all can protect natural resources. This project has produced 26 Prairie Sportsman episodes and 78 individual video segments that have aired on all Minnesota PBS stations and are distributed online.

Prairie Sportsman celebrates our love of the outdoors. As Minnesotans spend more time with digital media, this Pioneer PBS production uses screen time to promote connecting to our natural world through outdoor sports, recreation and environmental stewardship. It provides engaging environmental science education and ways for individuals, communities and organizations to restore and protect natural resources. Prairie Sportsman's reach is statewide, airing on all Minnesota PBS stations.

The 26 episodes produced by this project include 26 environmental, 26 outdoor lifestyle and 26 citizen action segments. Conservation topics include habitat restoration for pollinators, prairie chickens, ruffed grouse and native mussels and restoration of endangered species such as peregrine falcons, trumpeter swans, river otters and Dakota Skipper butterflies. Prairie Sportsman highlighted Dave Mech’s wolf research, Carrol Henderson’s long career as the first DNR Nongame Wildlife Research Supervisor and the Naamijig Dance Troupe tribute to long-time grouse researcher John Toepfer. Other topics include the perennial wheatgrass kernza, removal of Minnesota River and Red River basin dams to improve fish habitat, chronic wasting disease in deer, removing silt to restore shallow lakes, grazing bison to restore oak savanna, sturgeon tagging, employing sled dogs in U.S. Forest Service work and testing lake oxygen. Prairie Sportsman brought viewers to places like the International Wolf Center, Touch the Sky Prairie, Lost 40 SNA, Gopher Campfire Wildlife Sanctuary and the wild and scenic St. Croix River. A full episode was dedicated to southeast Minnesota’s Driftless Area, featuring trout streams, restored blufflands, timber rattlesnakes and Mystery Cave. The environmental segment “Pollinator Friendly Solar” was awarded an Upper Midwest Emmy and segments on the National Eagle Center’s golden eagle studies and TUNE youth outdoor camp received nominations.

Pioneer PBS has invested ENRTF funds in content that inspires Minnesotans to connect with the outdoors and protect precious natural resources.

Prairie Sportsman has statewide appeal and is aired on all Minnesota PBS stations, including Pioneer PBS (Granite Falls), Lakeland PBS (Bemidji and Brainerd), WDSE (Duluth), tpt (Twin Cities PBS) and KSMQ (Austin).

In addition, each episode’s three video features are segmented and individually branded to stand alone. Full episodes and individual segments continue to be viewed online at prairiesportsman.org, Facebook and YouTube. The evergreen episodes are produced to have long-term educational value for schools, environmental learning centers, natural resource agencies, outdoor sports and recreation groups, civic organizations and individuals. After each season, complimentary DVDs are offered to all who participated in or helped with video features and, this year, Pioneer PBS received requests for almost 250 videos. The attached spreadsheets show all the episodes and segments produced in 2019 and 2020 and the people and organizations across Minnesota involved in creating these features.

The program’s aggressive social media campaign brings awareness to each episode and individual segments that will draw people to view them online. Facebook has been the most successful social media platform for marketing Prairie Sportsman, with more than 4,000 dedicated followers. Instagram and Snapchat have also helped expand Prairie Sportsman’s audience.

Our project, YES! Students Take on Water Quality Challenge, brought water quality and conservation knowledge and expertise to over 800 students from 126 communities across Minnesota. In 3 years, 81 hands-on water quality and prairie/habitat restoration projects were completed, and 20 waterbodies were improved while engaging with 30 resource experts.

Our project goal was to engage Minnesota’s youth in taking on the challenge to improve our state’s water ways. We accomplished this goal by:

• Supporting 54 youth-led YES! teams, with over 800 students, in 126 Minnesota communities
• Completing 81 new student-driven water quality and prairie/habitat restoration projects
• Providing 3 Fall Summit events and 27 regional workshops
• Leveraging the expertise and kindness of 6,564 volunteer hours including 3,125 hours of YES! student volunteer hours and $75,000 in community funds
• Awarding the Water Quality Stewardship award in 2019 and 2020

Our aim was to help students to better understand the interconnectedness of their daily actions and water quality. We accomplished this through leveraging the expertise of 30 water quality experts who educated and trained our students about local water quality challenges, techniques to improve and conserve water quality and then assisted them in doing related student-driven projects.

YES! student-driven projects benefited Minnesota communities by improving waterways, cleaning up shorelines, restoring native prairies and establishing new native plantings and habitats. Other projects included Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) monitoring, assessing drinking water, installing hydration stations, storm drain stenciling (Adopt-a-Drain), water usage tracking and water-related events and peer education.

As one YES! student from Minnewaska said, “I enjoy YES! because of the positive interactions-people taking time out of their day to teach you things. It’s something for yourself and it’s something to do for your community.” Another student from Carlton stated, “It feels really rewarding to know that we are actually making a difference!” Resource expert Phil Votruba commented, "You guys serve as an inspiration for youth across the state and across the country!"

A Sleepy Eye Student remarked “As a part of YES! team I got to participate in River Watch which consists of monitoring Minnesota’s rivers and helping to keep them safe. I was able to learn more about what makes the rivers healthy or unhealthy and was able to help in the monitoring process.”

During this project (July 1, 2018, to June 30, 2021) YES! staff have tabled or presented at 20 events. YES! was featured in 22 outside articles, radio broadcasts and videos. They are listed on our website and can be accessed here at YES! in the News. In addition, staff posted 86 blog posts to our YES! website which were shared on our social media pages including Facebook, YouTube, and LinkedIn.

This project funded 8 training workshops across Minnesota. Participants included after school providers from child care centers, latch key programs, community centers, libraries, recreation centers, YMCAs, Boys and Girls Clubs, and other organizations that work with children during the out of school hours.

The 174 participants learned why children need to experience nature. They learned the basics of child psychology and child development and how to use these concepts when planning and leading outdoor programs for children. The training workshops also introduced participants to concepts of equity in the outdoors and provided resources for them to expand their understanding of the barriers that often prevent children of color and low income children from experiencing the natural world in safe, high quality outdoor settings. Participants learned about the green spaces in our communities and explored a variety of games, activities and opportunities for children within the small green spaces found on school grounds, city parks and neighborhoods. Participants had the opportunity to develop and lead a nature activity and they learned tips for safety and behavior management during outdoor explorations.

Project GO Equipment Kits were provided to the NE and NW regions, as they already existed for the SW, SE and Metro areas. The kits are housed with partner organizations in each region and available for youth-serving organizations to check out for free.

This project also allowed us to develop an on-line training segment to complement the 8-hour in-person workshop. With in-kind support from the MN Chapter for the International Society for Performance Improvement (MN ISPI), we organized a photo shoot at the MN Valley National Wildlife Refuge with youth models of various cultural backgrounds. These photos are being used to develop the inter-active on-line training that will introduce participants to concepts of program planning for equity and basics of youth development and behavior management so training participants will come to the classroom session prepared to engage in the conversation.

Through evaluation we found that participants were overwhelmingly appreciative of the opportunity to learn more about connecting children to nature. We especially found those in rural Minnesota were extremely grateful for the information and resources as they do not have access to as many training opportunities on this subject.

Results of this project include:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     

• The completion of 8 training workshops/sessions offered around that State;
• 174 trained after school providers;
• 93,000 youth reached through this effort;
• Development of an eLearning tool to enhance the in-person training workshops. The on-line training will be available through the Project GO website once it is ready for use. (www.mnprojectgo.org)

This project connected approximately 10,000 Minnesota youth with their local watersheds. Through a combination of habitat site explorations, field studies, classroom learning, and outdoor recreation, students gained an appreciation for the natural world and understanding of how their decisions can positively impact water quality and watershed health.

In today’s technology-based society, youth are increasingly becoming disconnected from the natural environment. This disconnect can foster apathy about the environment, natural resources, and outdoor recreation, and impact their ability to make well informed decisions about the environment as adults. The program countered this by using tangible education tools and getting students outdoors for hands-on learning activities that connected them to aquatic ecosystems. It utilized classroom aquariums where students studied the development of trout from egg to juvenile. This served as a springboard for field trips to streams and as a focal point for reinforcing learning about water, watersheds, and ecology. Introductions to outdoor recreation were offered to encourage lifelong, tangible connections to aquatic ecosystems.

The number of schools and nature centers participating in this outdoor education program doubled from 29 during the 2018-2019 school year to 60 during the 2021-2022 school year. The program expanded from Twin Cities metropolitan area to schools in Duluth, Bemidji, Alexandria, Willmar, Winona, and other outstate communities. Despite the serious challenges that the COVID-19 pandemic created for conducting in-person field day and classroom learning, our education team conducted more than 260 hands-on environmental education programs for nearly 9,000 students. In addition, we developed remote learning lessons for teachers, students, and parents to extend learning outside the classroom. We reinforced learning about watershed health with a recreational component that creates lifelong interest in waters through fishing and conservation. Minnesota Trout Unlimited’s (MNTU) instructors led nearly 70 introductory fishing skills programs for over 1,000 youth and their families. These clinics were made possible by partnerships with local governments and civic organizations, and numerous Trout Unlimited volunteers.

Approximately 10,000 students developed greater understanding of, and connections to, aquatic ecosystems, which will help them to make well informed decisions that positively impact water quality and watershed health.

Our website was revamped with updated information about educational opportunities, including Trout in the Classroom and fishing skills programs. The Facebook and Instagram pages were started in 2018 and gained hundreds of followers during this project. A suite of youth educational videos and other resources were developed and are available online. Our team wrote education updates and youth series articles for all three MNTU newsletter editions publish each year. Thousands of hard copies of the newsletters were distributed to teachers for classroom use and/or to send home with students.

With funding from the ENRTF, we were able to expand River Watch from four high school teams to 14 teams and recruited at least two additional teams to participate in future years. Through the program, approximately 250 students learned how to conduct water quality monitoring, the pollutants that affect water quality, how to operate monitoring equipment, and to report the data. Students learned sources of pollution and actions that can be taken to reduce future water pollution.

The River Watch program engaged high school students from18 high schools in lessons about surface water quality, students learned how to operate sophisticated electronic equipment to test water quality. Data collected was submitted to the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency through the Citizen Water Quality Monitoring program.

Although data collection is an important purpose of the River Watch program, providing students with a meaningful experiential learning opportunity that teaches them the importance of water quality is the primary purpose. River Watch participants learn more than just facts, they develop understanding about water quality they will carry with them for their entire lives. Based on student feedback, River Watch achieved this goal of a meaningful educational experience.

Another goal Friends of the Minnesota Valley hoped to accomplish with ENRTF funding was to grow our River Watch program from a trial program working with four teams to a program working with 15-20 teams. Through the use of ENRTF funding, Friends was able to develop high quality informational brochures, a website, and other supporting materials to promote the River Watch program. We succeeded by working with 18 different high schools and will begin the 2021-2022 school year with 16 teams participating in River Watch and other teams considering joining. Covid limitations significantly reduced our ability to take students directly to rivers for sampling during the 2021 school year, but desired program growth did occur.

A third objective was to raise public awareness of the River Watch program and public awareness of the water quality problems facing the Minnesota River. On several occasions, local news media covered student monitoring events. Public awareness of River Watch is well established and the program is set to continue in future years due to the foundation built during the three years that the program was funded by LCCMR.

The Minnesota River is widely seen as one of the most polluted rivers in Minnesota. Teaching today’s high school students(tomorrows adult citizens and leaders) the seriousness of this problem, giving them the knowledge and understanding of the problem, and inculcating a desire to solve the problem will benefit the State of Minnesota as these young people move into positions in which their personal actions and the public decisions they make or influence lead to river water quality protections. As the River Watch program grows, an ever-growing number of young people will be motivated and equipped to “clean up” the Minnesota River.

The data collected to date and in the future will enable policy makers at the local and state level to make better informed decisions that will improve and protect water quality in the Minnesota River basin and downstream in the Mississippi River.

Each time a River Watch Team conducted a water quality monitoring event, local news media including radio, newspapers, and television was informed and invited to provide coverage. Several local newspaper articles covering such events were published and at least one television story was broadcast.

The very process of recruiting River Watch teams involved communication with every secondary school administrator in the Minnesota River basin. These communications were often shared with local school boards as part of the participation approval process. Students and staff in River Watch have been invited to speak at local service group meetings. Each communication included reference to LCCMR/ENRTF funding.

The Pollinator Ambassadors for Gardens program broadened pollinator education access across Minnesota, particularly to traditionally underserved audiences, through training 43 youth Pollinator Ambassadors and distributing 250 Pollinator Education Toolkits. Broader adoption of pollinator conservation action-steps will help Minnesotans conserve pollinator diversity, which will support food production, water quality, and healthy ecosystems.

Minnesotans are aware of the importance of pollinators to healthy food systems and ecosystem health but lack prepared educators and education materials to provide action steps for pollinator conservation. The Pollinator Ambassadors Program for Gardens aimed to 1) provide direct training to youth to engage their communities in pollinator education and 2) create a Pollinator Education Toolkit with expert-designed materials that educators state-wide can use to teach pollinator conservation action steps. We have successfully trained 43 Pollinator Ambassadors between the ages of 14 and 18 through in-person and virtual workshops. Pollinator Ambassadors have directly engaged approximately 3,000 Minnesotans. We distributed 250 Pollinator Education Toolkits across Minnesota to 53 nature centers, 91 classroom educators, 33 Master Gardeners and Master Naturalists, 42 non-profits, 14 federal, state, or municipal agencies, and 17 University of Minnesota Extension programs. These Pollinator Education Toolkit holders estimate reaching 100,000 people annually. Many organizations receiving Pollinator Education Toolkits prioritize service to or primarily serve low-income audiences (40%), recent immigrants (15%), Latinx communities (15%), African American communities (13%), Asian American communities (9%), and Native American communities (9%). Toolkits are also available publicly through Inter Library Loan and check out at four University of Minnesota Extension and Outreach Centers across Minnesota. Over 400 educators across the world have accessed the Digital Pollinator Education Toolkit with an estimated annual reach of 180,000. The Pollinator Ambassadors Program for Gardens has increased capacity to reach a broad geographic range of audiences in Minnesota, with youth trained in Big Stone, Hennepin, Ramsey, Wright, and Olmsted counties and toolkits with educators in 60 of Minnesota’s 87 counties, as well as increasing reach to traditionally underserved audiences. Broader adoption of pollinator action steps by Minnesotans will help conserve pollinator diversity, which in turn will support food production, water quality, and healthy ecosystems.

We have several resources that should be shared broadly. A summary of the impact of the Pollinator Ambassadors for Gardens program is available on the Bee Lab YouTube channel. The University of Minnesota Bee Lab website has a page dedicated to the Pollinators Ambassadors program. Pollinator Education Toolkits are available for checkout out through Interlibrary Loan and at the University West Central, North Central, Southwest and Rosemount Research & Outreach Centers. Digital Pollinator Education Toolkit resources are available to everyone who fills out our application form. We have created a “Learn to Use Pollinator Education Toolkits” video playlist to provide extra background, and a “Pollinator Ambassadors” video playlist to complement activities from the Toolkits. The Habitat Assessment Guide for Yards and Gardens is available as a pdf document.

This project restored 17 acres to a native prairie habitat to enhance the local ecosystem for beneficial pollinators and native species of plants. The project site also provides educational opportunities for visitors on how to protect or enhance native habitats and beneficial pollinators.

The Pomme de Terre River watershed area in west central Minnesota was once a sprawling prairie, home to beneficial pollinator species and prairie vegetation. Now, however, we’ve seen a devastating decline of beneficial pollinator species and a disruption to the remaining native prairie ecosystem due to land conversion to other uses. To address this concern, we worked with prairie restoration specialists to restore a 17-acre habitat in Morris, Minnesota. All non-native vegetation was removed, and a diversity of prairie plant seeds were seeded throughout the site to offer food sources for pollinators known to our region. Fifty Bur Oak trees were planted to create an oak savannah for improved wildlife habitat. Regular maintenance was conducted on the site to control both perennial and annual weeds, which allowed the prairie species to establish. The outcome was an improved landscape that supports bees, butterflies, and other beneficial pollinators as well as an enhanced ecosystem. The addition of native plants sequesters carbon and other air pollutants and filters runoff entering the watershed. Since restoration, biodiversity of plant and wildlife species has visibly increased. The native plant species are beginning to dominate over unwanted vegetation and attract a multitude of pollinator species.

Educational interpretation was installed throughout the demonstration site to encourage visitors to connect with the prairie habitat and learn how to create or enhance habitats on their own properties. We partnered with University of Minnesota Morris faculty and students to design, develop, and evaluate an interactive educational activity on pollinators and prairie restoration. The local high school uses the restoration site as an outdoor classroom to learn about beekeeping, pollinator health, and pollinator habitats.

Two educational kiosks were installed on the site, along with two interpretive signs. Information available to the public at the kiosks includes why we need pollinators, the steps we’ve taken to restore the area, and the types of native pollinators in our region. A pamphlet from the Minnesota Department of Agriculture is available at the northern most kiosk. Interpretive signs along the trail include information about pesticide use in a pollinator friendly way and the environmental benefits of prairie restoration. Updates and articles about the project are available on the West Central Research and Outreach website.

The new Nature in the City exhibit at North Mississippi Regional Park features compelling design with interactive components that spark curiosity about Nature, increase knowledge about Nature, entice visitors to explore the outdoors, and become better stewards of the environment.

Nestled between I-94 and the Mississippi River in north Minneapolis, North Mississippi Regional Park serves more than 300,000 annual visitors. Located within the park is the Carl Kroening Interpretive Center which featured an outdated and worn educational exhibit focused on human relationships to the Mississippi River as drinking water, transportation corridor, and job source. However, park staff discovered that what visitors really wanted was to learn more about the natural resources found in the park - the land, the water, animals, birds and insects - and connect with Nature in a hands-on, immersive way.

The overarching objective of the project is to educate and inspire park visitors so they can make better decisions to positively impact the natural world. Minneapolis Park & Recreation Board staff worked with Split Rock Studios (SRS) to imagine and develop content and components for a new educational exhibit titled Nature in the City. SRS then designed, fabricated, sculpted, and installed the landforms, interactives, super graphics, taxidermy, technology, signs and more. The exhibit features current research, compelling interpretation and visuals, and interactive components to spark wonder and curiosity about the Mississippi River, stormwater runoff, native plants and pollinators, wildlife and their adaptations to city living, plus migration, the Mississippi flyway, and more. Designed to foster repeat visitation, parts of the exhibit can change out seasonally, while others provide space to add stories and information in response to park visitor interests. The exhibits, along with programs led by staff, promote ways people can take action to benefit land and water. Park visitors are also encouraged to apply their new knowledge while exploring the park and contribute to citizen science field work.

Due to the pandemic, the Kroening Interpretive Center remains closed to the public. When restrictions are lifted, staff look forward to welcoming the estimated 326,000 annual visitors to North Mississippi Regional Park to explore the new Nature in the City exhibit.

The success of wolf recovery over the past three decades in Minnesota led us to a major overhaul of the exhibit. This updated exhibit will now celebrate Minnesota’s historic success in recovering this endangered species, as well as to educate Minnesotan’s about the need for their management.

Since 1993, over one million people have learned about wolves at the International Wolf Center’s interpretive center in Ely. The Center’s old exhibit was created in the early 1980’s, its purpose was to promote species survival. Although beautifully and professionally created, the success of wolf recovery over the past three decades in Minnesota has resulted in it becoming outdated. Display materials were made with a high-quality printing process on permanent materials, making it cost-prohibitive to update exhibit displays.

The New Exhibit has three main components: 1) History of Wolves 2) Science of Wolves: Their Biology and Role in Nature as an Apex Predator and 3) Co-Existence with Wolves: The Need for Wolf Management. The exhibit is equipped with interactive state of the art technology to optimize the learning experience. A “Howling Room” sound chamber simulates an outdoor experience where visitors will learn how to communicate with packs. Through immersive experiences, visitors will learn about the complicated issues in Minnesota surrounding human interactions with wolves.

The exhibit, known as Discover Wolves! informally opened to the public beginning on Friday, May 10th. The official, large public grand opening celebration occurred on Friday, June 28th. The finished Discover Wolves! exhibit will teach tens of thousands of Minnesotans and people around the world who visit the interpretive center the facts about wolf biology, management and recovery.

Updates about the progress of the new exhibit were shared each month on the International Wolf Center’s social media platforms and through electronic mailings. In April, Executive Director Rob Schultz appeared before the Ely City Council and gave an update on the progress of the new exhibit. Updates of the progress of the exhibit preparations were shared with news media throughout the spring months, and the Center received publicity in regard to the new exhibit upon completion of its installation in May.

An article giving updates about the new exhibit was published in International Wolf Magazine in mid-May. Additional items planned include news releases being prepared that highlight the grand opening celebration, as well as a final article about the completion of the new exhibit that will appear in International Wolf Magazine in mid-August.

ReUSE MN connected businesses and consumers to organizations providing reuse, repair, and rental services through two conferences and 24 educational events. Research conducted revealed the Minnesota reuse sector makes up 1/3 of the retail economy. By avoiding new products, reuse saves 67 billion gallons of freshwater from being used each year.

Current practices of throwing away usable items and unnecessarily producing new goods depletes finite natural resources and pollutes our environment at an unsustainable pace. Reuse helps slow this process and keeps materials and products in use longer. The goal for this project was to promote the benefits of reuse, repair, and rental, including the organizations providing these services. Encouraging consumers to reuse results in more sustainable consumption patterns and supports the local economy.

LCCMR funding allowed ReUSE MN, a small, volunteer-run non-profit, to hire a management company to streamline organizational processes, update our website, and improve our membership structure.

Over the past two years, we hosted two conferences that highlighted reuse innovations, programs, policies, and research. The 2019 conference was the state’s first reuse-focused conference, and welcomed 118 attendees. The 2020 virtual national conference saw 212 attendees representing 23 states and 3 Canadian provinces. ReUSE MN also hosted 20 webinars and educational sessions, and staffed booths/presented about reuse at 17 partner-hosted events.

The organization grew its reuse network of nonprofits, businesses, policymakers, educators, and consumers with paid memberships increasing to 205 – a nearly 7-fold increase over the grant period.

Using survey responses and purchased business data, ReUSE MN created a report summarizing the environmental, economic, and social impacts of reuse. Minnesota’s reuse sectors:

• make up 1/3 of the retail economy, generating $5.8 billion (2017).
• avoid over 2.7 million metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions and 67 billion gallons of freshwater extraction per year (ground or surface water sources) from products that would have been newly manufactured.

Reuse organizations play an important role in communities, keeping money and services local, offering spaces for learning and skills-building, and bringing like-minded individuals together around shared goals. Data and stories gathered throughout this grant will help advocate for Minnesota reuse organizations and show the importance of extending the life of our belongings and protecting the state’s resources.

ReUSE Minnesota provides regular updates and resources through monthly e-newsletters and social media. We reached more than 2,100 people through 36 educational sessions, member meetings, and two conferences. The ReUSE MN website acts as a directory for rental, repair, and reuse businesses as well as a resource for events and news about the reuse economy.

The final measurement and methodology report is housed on the ReUSE MN website. The new Reuse Impact map provides an interactive look at how reuse benefits the economy and environment across the state and by county. Nearly 100 listeners heard about the impact study results on a webinar. Results have already helped start conversations in counties that want to boost their reuse business sector to reduce waste.

This project funded: the deconstruction of 29 properties; 10.5 FTE jobs; transitional employment of 200 people; a reuse project at a county landfill; and the promotion of deconstruction and material reuse throughout the State. The project generated close to net zero emissions by diverting 80% of 8,000,000 pounds of material from landfills.

This project supported the growth of building material stewardship, an essential and viable alternative to burying 70% of the State’s building waste in landfills. Practical alternatives to dumping are needed to avert the serious health, financial, and environmental costs of landfill use.

Three activities were completed. First, by providing advice and assistance to counties, a deconstruction incentive grant program for homeowners in Hennepin County was implemented and a diversion/reuse program at the Becker County landfill was established.

Second, through presentations and outreach the partners made significant progress in making the reuse and recycling of building materials a preferred practice statewide. One result is the Sustainable Building Materials stakeholder group with staff support from the MPCA. This work group is focused on informing rule changes for landfills, expanding deconstruction work in the State, and expanding the marketplace for the reuse of materials.

This outreach was combined with deconstructing 29 properties in 22 communities, launching a diversion and reuse program at a county landfill, and training and offering transitional employment for 200 people. The results of this effort - types and value of materials harvested and reused; jobs created; and the benefits for our air, water, and land - demonstrated to many audiences the value of this project.

The third activity focused on documenting that 80% (3,117 tons or 6,234,000 pounds) of the 4,000 tons collected was diverted from landfills. The most beneficial environmental outcome is that 346 tons or 9% of the material was reused.

Overall, the benefits of the deconstruction and reuse, as an alternative to demolition, are broad and generous. Project data shows deconstruction generates 70% less emissions than demolition. This project also approached net zero emissions per ton of material collected: .63 metric tons of CO2 for deconstruction compared to 2.23 metric tons of CO2 for demolition.

This project can inform economic development and healthy environmental practices Statewide. The formula is practical: take apart and reuse buildings rather than dumping them in landfills and begin diverting reusable materials at landfills. These new methods create more jobs, provide quality materials for consumers, and dramatically reduces harmful pollutants.

The highlights of the partners’ many and varied dissemination efforts included: an opportunity to introduce building material stewardship and deconstruction practices to more than 150 government, tribal, and business owners during statewide MPCA stakeholder meetings; an opportunity to describe this projects’ value and impact to an international audience during a “virtual” conference sponsored by the Ellen McArthur Foundation in London, England; and, a presentation at the 2021 Environmental Initiative awards ceremony (Better Futures and Becker County received the 2021 Rural Innovation Award).

The partner’s deconstruction pilot with St Louis County generated opportunities to promote the benefits and impact of deconstruction and material reuse.

Articles on this project were included in the Duluth Monitor, WDIO Radio, Duluth News Tribune, FOX21, and KBJR6.

Becker County staff created a significant number of followers (over 2500) on Facebook Marketplace. This site along with Craig’s List are effective venues for promoting the reuse pilot and promoting sales events. Staff also promote reuse on a local weekly radio show.

The Increasing Diversity in Environmental Careers (IDEC) program fosters the next generation of environmental and natural resources professionals and enthusiasts. From 2019 to 2023, 45 students enrolled in the IDEC program learned about and gained hands-on experience in the environmental/natural resources field. As a result, as these students become professionals, they will bring diversity and innovation to natural resources management and conservation.

While Minnesota's population continues to diversify and STEM-based jobs continue to increase, there has been no increase in the diversity of the nation's STEM workforce for more than a decade (as of 2016). Likewise, the state has been unable to attract representative numbers of ethnic minorities, individuals with disabilities, or women into the professional and technical STEM positions that make up nearly half of the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) jobs. Over the next ten years (2016-2026), a significant percentage of positions with the state's environmental agencies will be at risk of retirement-related turnover.

Through a strategic partnership between the DNR, Conservation Corps Minnesota and Iowa (CCMI), Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, and the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources, this collaborative program aims to reduce and eliminate barriers that inhibit under-represented students from completing STEM degrees and obtaining environmental careers after graduation.

• In 2019, a cohort of 16 students enrolled in the Increasing Diversity in Environmental Careers program. Of the 16 students, 12 graduated and obtained their STEM degrees, and two are completing their STEM degrees. Of the 12 students who graduated, five are in graduate school, five are working in environmental careers, and two are seeking employment.
• In 2020, a second cohort of 16 students enrolled in the IDEC program. Of the 16 students, six graduated and obtained their STEM degrees, and nine are still enrolled in the program, completing their STEM degrees. Of the six students who graduated, four are working in environmental careers, and two are in graduate school.
• In 2021, a third cohort of 13 students enrolled in the IDEC program. Of the 13 students, four graduated and obtained their STEM degrees, and nine are still enrolled in the program, completing their STEM degrees. Of the four students who graduated, one is working in an environmental career, and three are currently completing summer internships with the state agencies involved in the IDEC program.

Project information has been shared through CCMI’s website, recruitment activities, and interviews with radio stations. When the project started, the project manager and program manager were interviewed by Minnesota Public Radio. In 2020 the project manager completed an interview with Sahan Journal. More information about the program can be found Here. A student in the program shared her experience with her school and can be found Here.

Terrestrial invasive species are species that are not native to a location and that pose critical ecological and economic challenges once they become established in that location. They come in the form of plants, animals, insects, pathogens, and microbes that can cause harm to natural habitat, urban landscapes, and agricultural systems. The problems posed by terrestrial invasive species continue to grow as existing infestations expand and new exotic species arrive, many of which are poorly understood. New ideas and approaches are needed to develop solutions and to stay on top of emerging threats. The University of Minnesota is using this appropriation to help launch a new interdisciplinary Terrestrial Invasive Species Research Center charged with using scientific findings to support policy-making, application, and resource management practices that address the terrestrial invasive species affecting Minnesota. The center will coordinate initiatives focused on prevention of establishment, early detection and rapid response, development of new control methods and technology, integrated pest management, and minimizing non-target impacts of control. Proven tools and techniques developed at the center are intended to be implemented statewide as applicable.

Sub-Projects M.L. 2018, Subd. 06a:

• 01: Early Detection of Invasive Tree Pathogens Using Molecular Tools for Prevention and to Mitigate Damage - $384,165
  
• 02: Accurate Detection of Oak Wilt Disease at Landscape Scales for Enhanced Forest Management - $301,993
  
• 03: Early Detection of Invasive Tree Pathogens Using Molecular Tools for Prevention and to Mitigate Damage - $233,924
  
• 04: Detection and Monitoring of Invasive Phragmites - $203,781
  
• 05: Improve Invasive Plant Treatment Efficacy Using Climate Based Phenology Models - $346,213
  
• 06: Biology and Biocontrol Potential of a Rust Fungus Infecting Phalaris Arundinacea and Frangula Alnus - $206,783
  
• 07: Managing Buckthorn with Trees: Diversity, Density, and Practicality - $499,734
  
• 08: Integrated Emerald Ash Borer Management: Testing a Novel Approach to Assess Stakeholder Perceptions - $450,000
  
• 09: Distribution, Risks, and Management of Phyllachora Maydis, the Causal Agent of Corn Tar Spot - $178,706
  
• 10: Detecting Hybrid Barberry and Investigating its Role in Rust Epidemiology - $247,507
  
• 11: Confronting Soybean Aphid with Advanced Plant Breeding and Remote Sensing - $295,593
  
• 12: Expanding and Strengthening the Prioritization of Terrestrial Invasive Species in Minnesota - $151,601
  

   - Pending

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

   - Pending

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

   - Pending

Palmer amaranth is an aggressive weed that is expensive and damaging to control. It was found as a contaminant in a small number of conservation planting seed mixes sold in Minnesota. Rapid response to the situation resulted in Palmer amaranth eradication from impacted conservation plantings.

Palmer amaranth is an invasive plant that threatens row crop production and prairies. In 2016, it was found in a small number of conservation planting seed mixes. There were concerns that Palmer amaranth would spread to nearby crop fields and cause high yield losses, up to 91% in corn and 78% in soybeans. Palmer amaranth can be resistant to multiple herbicides making it difficult to control. There was a lot of concern about the conservation planting pathway for Palmer amaranth and it was declared an agricultural emergency by the commissioner of agriculture.
This project enabled rapid response to the situation as it unfolded.

• Palmer amaranth was controlled in the field by Conservation Corps Minnesota using propane torches, prescribed fire and hand pulling. As a result, Palmer amaranth was eradicated from all impacted conservation plantings. There were 92 infestations (some in crop fields) of which 67 were eradicated, 13 were negative (no Palmer found in field planted with contaminated seed mix) and 12 are active infestations in crop fields that MDA will continue to monitor.
• Intensive infestation monitoring was required to achieve this successful outcome.
• Drones were utilized to help look for Palmer amaranth in large fields. This work with drones was experimental and led by the University of Minnesota’s UAV Lab. We learned much that can be applied for future aerial survey efforts.
• MDA now uses a drone for aerial survey.

Palmer amaranth control efforts were so effective that some Conservation Corps Minnesota funding could be diverted to control other priority target species infestations including black swallow-wort, common teasel, cutleaf teasel, Japanese hops, oriental bittersweet, poison hemlock and knotweeds.

Presentations, articles, and a paper were the primary dissemination means. There were 40 presentations, trainings or updates about Palmer amaranth and this project. In trainings, we used resources developed for the ENRTF project Elimination of Target Invasive Plant Species including 3D printed models of Palmer amaranth seedlings, pressed plant samples, and large format printed displays. Two popular press articles were written and sent to outstate media. Our paper Timeline of Palmer amaranth invasion and eradication in Minnesota was open access published in Weed Technology. To date, it was accessed via HTML by 741 and via PDF by 4,580.

Invasive hybrid cattails can be effectively controlled by mechanical treatments, creating space for native plants like wild rice and other native aquatic plants, and enhancing habitat for wetland-loving wildlife like muskrats, mink, otters, bitterns, rails, grebes, and more.

Invasive hybrid cattails are rapidly expanding throughout Minnesota’s wetlands. Hybrid cattails grow in dense stands that crowd out native plant species and create single species stands that can degrade both fish and wildlife habitat and negatively impacts biodiversity and wetland function. Starting in 2016, Park staff, securing both state and federal funding, initiated the Voyageurs Wetland Restoration Project to restore wetlands within the large lakes of the park that have been infested by invasive hybrid cattails. Through this LCCMR grant, we documented that we achieved reductions of invasive hybrid cattail cover from all six mechanical treatments that were tested. Lethal treatments showed the greatest reduction in cattail coverage with all treatments, showing approximately a 90% reduction in cattail cover up to 3-years post-treatment. Treatment of cattails increased cover and diversity of native wetland plants across all treatment types, which we lumped into 4 functional plant groups: rushes, sedges, grasses, and herbaceous plants. Our project represented the first attempt to translocate muskrats and assess post-translocation survival and movements. Additionally, our project was the first to experimentally investigate feeding preferences of muskrats and also quantify immediate foraging effects of translocated muskrat populations on T. x glauca coverage in wetlands. We found that translocated muskrats quickly established home ranges and that survival of post-translocated muskrats was similar to reported survival estimates of other established muskrat populations. Overall, our results suggest that muskrat translocations may be a viable option to re-establish or temporarily increase abundances of muskrat populations, especially in areas with a healthy beaver population. Even though we showed that muskrats do eat invasive hybrid cattails, we do not believe that muskrat densities in our area can be elevated to a high enough density for multiple years to where stands of invasive hybrid cattail can be eliminated or even noticeably reduced in abundance.

This collaboration between the National Park Service’s Voyageurs Wetland Restoration Project and Kansas State University produced five scientific papers and other reports. Our findings, though many are still preliminary, have influenced wetland restoration techniques throughout the U.S. and Canada through our presentations at local, state, and national scientific conferences; through our outreach efforts via print and online media; and through one-on-one consultations with others working on wetland restoration.

The project did not occur due to challenges the entity encountered receiving state funds.                                                                                                                                

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This project discovered that even when equipped with a sound-light deterrent, Lock and Dam 8 has little promise to stop invasive carp but that Lock and Dam 5 could stop over 99% of all carp if equipped with a sound-light deterrent that includes a bubble curtain.

The purpose of our project was to determine how to stop invasive carp. Because all carp must pass through locks-and-dams we focused on these structures, focusing on Lock and Dam 8 (LD8) near the Iowa border. We specifically examined whether and how carp could be stopped at LD8 by adjusting its spillway gates, installing a sound-light deterrent in its lock, and managing native fish predators in its vicinity. While we found that this combination has little promise at LD8, nearly all carp could be stopped upstream at LD5 using a variant of it, sparing Lake Pepin and most of the state. Insight came from several aspects of our research. First, by releasing acoustically-tagged common carp at biweekly intervals and tracking their movements upstream through LD8, we discovered that carp passage through spillway gates only occurs at high discharges as predicted by a fish passage model -- proving that LD8 is a poor location to stop carp because its gates open infrequently, but that LD5 is an excellent location because its gates do. Second, we found that carp passage through locks is predictably low, meaning that the lock at LD5 is an excellent location to install a deterrent because of this LD’s low spillway passage rates. Third, while we found that a sound-light deterrent was ineffective at blocking carp, a sound-light-bubbling system (BAFF) is. An engineering analysis supported using a BAFF at LD5. Fourth, when we examined whether native predatory fishes might control invasive carp, we discovered no support: no common predator feeds on fish (carp) eggs and floodplain predators do not favor their young. Finally, we created a numeric model which showed that a BAFF at LD5, coupled with spillway optimization, and carp removal at that site would stop 99.6% of all carp in Minnesota – a solution has been identified.

Our findings on carp deterrents are being used by the US Fish and Wildlife Service to test a bioacoustic fish fence. Our findings have been widely disseminated. A recent summary of the project was presented at a carp forum: Carp Forum. In addition, we presented our findings at several public (ex. 2019 Stop Carp Forum), scientific (ex. Midwest Fish and Wildlife meetings) and agency level meetings (ex. annual Mississippi River ANS Task Force Meetings). We have published 3 scientific peer-reviewed articles and have 2 in review. The StarTribune covered our project twice in front page articles as did Minnesota Outdoors.

This project produced the first systematic survey of Minnesota’s Sentinel Lakes for the toxic invasive algae Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cylindro). Cylindro was contained to the 2 lakes where it was initially found and did not produce toxins in measurable amounts. Sediment records indicated that Cylindro has appeared in the last 10 years and has not spread statewide.

Cylindro is a subtropical invasive species of Cyanobacteria that has been invading lakes in the Upper Midwest since the early 2000s. Cylindro is of particular concern because it is known to produce a potent liver toxin and the presence of its blooms can be difficult to identify. Cylindro was first discovered in two Minnesota lakes in 2013, and that discovery led to the design of this statewide survey of the Minnesota Sentinel Lakes to better understand the spread and invasion history of this species. Our monitoring results, based on DNA and microscopy, show that Cylindro is currently limited to the two lakes where it was initially found, and sediment cores indicate that it has been present in those lakes for under 10 years. Additionally, even in lakes where Cylindro was present, there was no evidence of toxin production in detectable amounts, minimizing the public and wildlife health threat of this species. Thankfully, these results suggest that the threat of Cylindro invasion in Minnesota lakes is currently low, though continued monitoring for this species is important given the trend of warming lake waters across the state.

We have shared the progress and results from this project widely over the duration of the project. This includes both articles written by our staff, shared with traditional and social media, and peer reviewed papers. These efforts are summarized below in chronological order:

• Invisible” species of exotic algae threatens to poison Minnesota lakes, posted to SMM.org on 11/6/2018, (PDF attached in supplemental materials)
• “Conditions ripe for a record number of algae blooms”, Minnesota Public Radio Climate Cast segment on 7/19/2019
• “Why good algae go bad”, talk at the Marine Community Library by Adam Heathcote on 7/14/2019, picture of event on Twitter
• Adam Heathcote Co-chaired special session on Harmful Algal Blooms at the Minnesota Water Conference and organized a panel of experts to take questions from conference attendees in St. Paul, MN on 10/16/2019
• During the pandemic we provided information on harmful algal blooms for the public on the Science Museum website in our “Learn From Home” section, posted on 7/7/2020
• Preliminary results from this study were presented to the Minnesota Inter-agency HABs group at their Winter Workshop on 1/25/2021. Attendees includes representatives from the Minnesota DNR, MPCA, MDH and the MVMA
• Results from this study were published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS ONE on 3/21/2022. PDF of paper is attached in the supplemental materials

This project demonstrated the potential of semi-transparent “solar windows” based on silicon nanocrystals to produce carbon-free, renewable electricity. Greenhouses were identified as an attractive application. As greenhouses are becoming more widespread in Minnesota, this project will contribute to reducing their environmental footprint in terms of energy and water usage.

This project focused on exploring inexpensive “solar windows” that are transparent and produce clean electricity. Solar windows are based on solar concentrators using highly luminescent nanometer-sized silicon crystals, a technology developed at the University of Minnesota. The silicon crystals, embedded in or coated onto the windowpane, absorb harmful-to-humans ultraviolet and blue light and turn it into red light, which is guided by internal reflection to the edge of the window pane, where it is concentrated onto a small-area solar cell.

Over the course of this project, the project team learned that these solar windows are of particular interest to greenhouses. While being partially transparent, they can produce electricity while not impeding or even enhancing plant growth. The project team initially focused on exploring experimental prototypes of the technology. Based on characterization of these prototypes, models were developed that allow us to predict the performance of larger scale devices. These models were extended into a comprehensive simulation tool that can describe the renewable electricity produced by a solar greenhouse, the light available for plant growth, as well as the overall energy balance of a greenhouse.

For Minnesotans, results of this research may have significant future benefits. Greenhouses allow us to produce certain crops locally that are hard to grow in open-field farming in Minnesota. Locally grown produce is fresher and reduces the emissions associated with shipping of produce across the county. Greenhouses also only use a fraction of the water and fertilizer that is required in open-field farming. While generally energy-intensive, this research project has pointed the way to reduce the energy consumption of greenhouses through solar windows.

Results of this research have been published in the scientific literature and presented at conferences. Three scientific papers were published related to:

• The influence of scattering on the performance of silicon luminescent solar concentrators
• The demonstration of silicon thin film luminescent solar concentrators
• The application of silicon luminescent solar concentrators to agrivoltais

Among the conference presentations presented by graduate students working on this project, one was chosen for the “best presentation” award.

The University of Minnesota’s Institute on the Environment with Renewable Energy Partners, Red Lake Tribal Government Center, and University of Minnesota-Morris, demonstrated community-scale storage for renewable energy, including microgrids and battery systems. This project expanded our knowledge of leading-edge technology, shared lessons learned on battery acquisition, permitting, and installation, and advanced energy justice.

More cities, campuses, nonprofit entities, and businesses across Minnesota are using wind and solar technology to produce cleaner energy. To reach high levels of renewable energy, significantly reduce their emissions, and achieve energy independence, they will need to include energy storage in their energy systems. Currently there are few examples of “community scale” energy storage projects, and often these entities lack the technical knowledge needed to select and optimize the best energy storage system. The overall goal of this project is to expand community-based, locally-produced renewable energy and reduce air emissions to improve the environment, under the LCCMR’s funding priority “Air Quality, Climate Change, and Renewable Energy”.

This project included three activities. First, we produced an “Community-Scale Energy Storage Guide” that describes both the operation of the US electricity grid with renewable energy and battery storage and different battery storage technologies and installation steps, using the sites as case studies. Second, we selected sites - Renewable Energy Partners, Red Lake Tribal Government Center, and University of Minnesota-Morris - and worked with them, using the guidebook research, to identify and acquire the optimal battery technology to meet site needs and provide technical assistance on design, permitting, and battery installation. At this stage, Renewable Energy Partners has a fully functional and tested battery - it will be complete when insurance is registered with Xcel Energy; Red Lake Tribal Government Center is completed; and University of Minnesota-Morris has the battery and installation components finalized and will proceed with installation once it receives permits. Third, given COVID-19, this project pivoted to develop a virtual site that includes highlights of the three demonstration sites, interviews on the benefits of battery storage, and webinars on battery storage lessons learned. Overall, this project expanded our knowledge of leading-edge technology, shared lessons learned on battery acquisition, permitting, and installation, and advanced energy justice.

The project team created a “virtual site visit” that highlights the three demonstration sites and and presents interviews with the Project Partners to get the full scope of how the storage system was implemented.

We created a two part webinar that took a deep-dive into battery storage by conducting a panel discussion with industry experts, seminars and workshops.

We published an Energy Storage guidebook and highlighted this downloadable, user friendly publication at the CERTS events, Energy and Equity workshop, and with the Energy Storage Advisory Committee.

Published Videos on the IonE YouTube page:
Community-Scale Battery Energy Storage in Minnesota https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RpNs6rvGKCI
Community-Scale Energy Storage: How does it work? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjTjuJAtrxA

Perovskite solar cells and modules were fabricated via two-step deposition method, hybrid chemical vapor deposition and air blade deposition, to produce electricity from free clean solar energy which reduced dependency on non-renewable energy usage and provides healthy environment and habitats for both residents and wildlife of Minnesota.

Perovskite material is a promising candidate for the next generation of solar cells with high efficiency and significantly lower cost than silicon solar cells. Potential use of thin film perovskite solar cells may revolutionize the current solar industry to produce clean renewable energy. We met the final objective of this project by developing methods for roll-to-roll manufacturing, including hybrid chemical vapor deposition and air blade deposition. More specifically, chemical vapor deposition processes were optimized, and air blade coating system was developed based on a 3D printer. Perovskite solar cell compositions, structures, and additives were also investigated and optimized to enhance the performance. We developed flexible perovskite solar cells on PEN substrates, which are compatible with the roll-to-roll process, and which show an efficiency of 13.3% via chemical vapor deposition method. We also produced a device with power conversion efficiency of 13.82% via air blade and chemical vapor deposition methods, and we fabricated and field tested 5 cm x 5 cm perovskite solar modules with an active area of 18 cm2square centimeters. The outcomes from this project contribute to the development of next generation photovoltaic industry and help researchers better understand the nature of the perovskite solar cells. By utilizing clean solar energy more efficiently via perovskite solar cells, the dependency on non-renewable energies and pollution may be reduced. Cheap and clean electricity produced from perovskite solar cells via the developed roll-to-roll compatible methods demonstrated during this project may further benefit the residents of Minnesota. By harvesting green solar energy more efficiently and economically.

The findings were disseminated through the following publications in archived journals.                        

1. Rui Zhu, Xiangyang Wei, Gongnan Xie, Terrence Simon, and Tianhong Cui. "Numerical simulation of vapor deposition process of perovskite solar cells: The influence of methylammonium iodide vapor flow to perovskite growth." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 143, no. 1 (2021).
2. Xiangyang Wei, Yangke Peng, Gaoshan Jing, Terrence Simon, and Tianhong Cui, “High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by a Hybrid Physical-Chemical Vapor Deposition”, ASME Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Vol. 143, No. 4, 2021: 041006
3. Wei, Xiangyang, Yanke Peng, Gaoshan Jing, and Tianhong Cui. "Planar structured perovskite solar cells by hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition with optimized perovskite film thickness." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 57, no. 5 (2018): 052301.

Funds from this grant helped us prioritize collaborative efforts in our Conservation Focus Areas. We successfully conducted 10 habitat improvement projects on over 200 acres for multiple Species in Greatest Conservation Need including: bottomland forest songbirds, prairie pollinators, Blanding’s turtles, and oak savanna dependent species.

Results of this project can be broken down into three separate categories: habitat work, monitoring efforts and research. We surpassed our goals for the habitat restoration piece of this grant mainly due to the partnership aspect of Conservation Focus Areas. We were able to provide partial funding that leveraged broader participation in conservation actions. In total, this project enabled us to:

• plant 765 sapling trees in bottlomland forest habitat to help with reforestation efforts,
• plant 6,000 oak saplings in oak savanna habitat on 17 acres at Meadow Brook WMA,
• conduct prairie forb inter-seed plantings on 45 acres of prairie grassland at three different locations,
• contribute to 102 acres or prescribed fire management to reduce succession and overgrowth of woody vegetation in grasslands,
• restore a sandy shoreline for turtle nesting habitat.

All activities took place in at least one of the four activated CFAs (see map: Conservation Focus Areas (CFA) Status 2015-205 MN Wildlife Action Plan).

An important component of conducting habitat improvement work is monitoring the species response to management. These efforts were focused primarily on prairie habitat restoration activities in the southwest and southeast potion of the state. Both flora and fauna response has been measured prior to the restoration activity, during the establishment of the restoration and post management. These data will provide managers with information on ways to potentially adapt their management practices to better accommodate the species the habitat restoration is meant to benefit.

Research and monitoring are a top priority for the Nongame Wildlife Program, which uses status and trend data to determine the protection status of many nongame species. This grant helped us to conduct a pilot study for a new research project to better understand the recent declines of American kestrels. The pilot efforts resulted in a full scale project proposal for a federal grant which was awarded in spring of 2021.

Conservation Focus Areas are one of the main implementation tools in our State Wildlife Action Plan and we celebrate the work being done throughout the CFA network in many of our communications. Our Nongame Wildlife Program Facebook page has featured some of the CFA habitat projects as well as the kestrel research. We have also created a 34 page, Wildlife Action Plan 5-year Report, featuring highlights on how the plan is funded and the work we do. This report will be available to the public as well as our supporters to provide a fun “behind the scenes” look at how our program operates.

This project was used to develop a biodegradable product that can be used to replace plastic mulch used in vegetable production. The results of research showed that the current formulation of BioMulch worked as expected for watermelon and zucchini; and underperformed (yield was reduced) for tomatoes, peppers, and strawberry.

This project was used to develop a biodegradable product, BioMulch, that can be used to replace plastic mulch used in vegetable production in MN. Plastic mulch cause environmental pollution as it slowly breaks down and creates pollutants such as micro and nanoplastics. Micro and nanoplastic have been proven to be endocrine disruptors and also cause severe health issues to human, animals, and aquatic life. Our intent with this project was to develop a biodegradable product which would replace plastic. Field trials were set up at the University of Minnesota Research and Outreach center at Lamberton. The BioMulch was tested on bell peppers, tomatoes, strawberry, watermelon, and zucchini. Our main goals with this project were to test the efficacy of BioMulch on preventing weeds from emerging and growing and keep the soil moist in comparison with plastic mulch. The results of our project showed that a biodegradable product can be safely created and used to replace plastic mulch used in vegetable production. Yield for watermelon and zucchini were similar between plastic cover and BioMulch; however, yield of tomatoes, peppers, and strawberry were reduced with the use of BioMulch. This management practice should minimize the agricultural footprint on the environment by minimizing the amount of waste being produced in Minnesota by vegetable producers. The use of a biodegradable soil cover means that at the end of the season a simple tillage practice can incorporate the soil cover into the soil and eliminate the waste currently being produced with plastic. Therefore, Minnesotans could benefit from this project by having lower amounts of plastic being used in vegetable production, lower amounts of micro and nanoplastic being created as plastic covers brake-down, and as a result cleaner air, soil, and water. In addition to, healthier Minnesota grown foods.

The results of this project have been disseminated to growers that have attended Extension events at the Southwest Research and Outreach Center (SWROC) from 2021 to Summer 2022. The last phase of the research project was completed in June 2022 and now we are working on Extension materials which will be posted on the SWROC nutrient management website. Technology commercialization efforts continue at AURI.

The project researched using different types of market incentives to develop policies and programs to fund putting more perennial lands in Minnesota’s agricultural areas to benefit water quality and wildlife habitat.

Although as a state we’ve spent millions of dollars on conservation, the health of our streams and lakes has not improved in most of Minnesota’s agricultural areas. At the same time, populations of songbirds, pheasants, bees, and monarch butterflies have continued to decline because of a loss of grassland habitat. The main reason for these issues is the continued loss of grassland to planting row crops like corn and soybeans. Reversing this loss is very difficult because of the high cost required to take profitable cropland out of production without affecting a farmer’s bottom-line. In this project we researched new ways to restore our waterways and habitat by economically replacing typical row crops with grass and perennial crops by creating new market incentives. For example, what if a solar company could be paid an incentive by a publicly funded program to place solar arrays on small areas of corn fields near the edges of streams? A subsidy would be paid to the solar companies to install the array and the farmer could grow forage grass for grazing sheep underneath them. This way the farmer gets paid a fair rental rate for having the array on their property and could collect additional income from the livestock, while the solar company has an incentive to spend more to install and maintain the array. Our objective in this project was to research solutions such as these, estimating how much they would cost, and how a program or a policy would have to be structured to pay for them. We investigated several incentive programs and found that economically practical programs are possible right now with the right policies to support them. Our research provides a valuable starting point for policy makers to start thinking about new creative, economical ways to help restore the health of our waterways and grassland habitats.

The work has been presented to agencies such as the Minnesota DNR and at several Science Museum member events. Finally, the project team was instrumental in organizing and leading the highly successful AgroEcology Summit in Windom, MN in August 2019, where the project work was presented over several hours to more than one hundred attendees. The concepts of using markets to drive adoption of perennial crops/cropping systems generated considerable interest, and follow-up meetings have been scheduled with several environmental advocacy groups to discuss next steps.

Following the completion of the project, the fact sheet created for this project and link to LCCMR and the final report will be shared via Science Museum social media platforms.

An autonomous electric mower, along with a solar powered charging trailer, was successfully developed and demonstrated to control weeds in cow pastures. The “Cowbot” eliminates the need for pesticides in conventional pastures and provides a carbon-free solution for organic pastures.

Minnesota farmers and land managers are engaged in an annual battle to control weeds. Each year, significant amounts of herbicide, diesel fuel, labor, and money are expended to stay ahead of weed infestations. Our project team developed an autonomous mowing robot, we call Cowbot, that can design a path to mow a pasture given the GPS coordinates of the pasture corners. The Cowbot can then accurately follow this path and return to its starting point when mowing is completed. A specially designed solar charging trailer is placed at the starting point to recharge the Cowbot when its batteries are low. Widespread adoption of the technology we demonstrated could lead to:

• Significant reductions in the use of herbicides on agricultural and natural lands,
• Replacement of fossil fuel with clean energy produced locally,
• Protection of water resources by preventing surface and ground water contamination with herbicides,
• Reducing the impact of herbicide on wildlife, desired native plant species, and the evolution of herbicide tolerant ‘super’ weeds.

The project team consisted of researchers at the University of Minnesota from several departments working together to develop a robotic pasture mower in partnership with a Minnesota manufacturing company, The Toro Company. Safety protocols were developed for field testing and safety implications of autonomous farm vehicles in general were researched. The Cowbot was field tested in pastures at the U of MN West Central Research and Outreach Center (WCROC) comparing its performance to a conventional mower deck pulled by a diesel tractor. The Cowbot successfully mowed three, two-acre pasture paddocks demonstrating three different path strategies. It returned to the charging trailer after mowing each paddock and was successfully recharged. A dairy producer reviewed the mowed pasture and judged the Cowbot mowed paddocks to offer equivalent or better control of weeds than the tractor mowed paddocks.

Several academic papers were published relating to technology used to design mowing paths and control the Cowbot. The Cowbot was demonstrated to farmers and land managers at several events like the Midwest Farm Energy Conference at the WCROC in 2019 and 2022. It was also featured in an episode of the PBS television show “The Prairie Sportsman” along with interviews with several project team members airing in March 2021. The Cowbot was a featured live demonstration at a state-wide expo in August 2021 called FarmFest. Finally, the Cowbot appeared in several print media articles including the Star Tribune and AgWeek.

This project restored 255 acres of open fields and a previously logged area back to forested native plant communities in four state parks, where it will permanently managed and protected.

Turn of the century logging at Itasca State Park caused major impacts to native plant communities in some areas. Early successional deciduous tree species such as aspen, birch, and maple now dominate these areas after logging. This project helps restore missing long lived pine species back to the Itasca landscape.

Forest clearing for agricultural practices affected previously forested areas at Forestville-Mystery Cave, Greenleaf Lake, and Jay Cooke state parks. This project helped restore forested native plant communities in these open field locations.

Restoration tasks varied between sites but generally each site went through three major steps to complete the restoration projects: site preparation, planting, and protecting/establishment. Most of the work performed was done through contracted services to help ensure restoration timelines were met. Site preparation activities included logging, herbicide applications, disking, prescribed fire, and woody stem and invasive species removal. For the Forestville Mystery Cave restoration, a combination of disking and herbicide application were used to prepare the site. Planting included bare root tree seedling planting and direct seeding with species that were present pre-disturbance. All seedlings and seeds used were from a local source to keep the local genotype intact. Natural regeneration is expected to be big component of establishing the native plant community on all sites. Itasca and Jay Cooke experienced some mortality to planted pines due to heat and drought. Itasca planted heavy to absorb this and Jay Cooke interplanted more seedlings in spring of 2024. The protecting/establishment phase included tree release, high mowing, herbicide applications, bud capping, tree cages, invasive species removal, and a deer exclosure fence. Itasca installed a deer exclosure fence around the perimeter of the restoration to combat white-tailed deer browse on pine trees.

It should be noted that Covid-19 significantly impacted progress on many of the above activities and a request was made and granted to extent the project by one year. This helped greatly in completing all planned tasks. There will still be need for the protecting/establishment phase until the pines have grown above the browse line and the hardwoods are well established.

Primary goals for the project include:

• Providing additional habitat for nearly 30 species identified in Minnesota’s Wildlife Action Plan as a Species of Greatest Conservation Need , including 10 MN Endangered, Threatened or Special Concern species.
• Helping meet the statutory mandate for MN State Parks to “restore, preserve and perpetuate natural and scenic features…” (86A.05 subd. 2c);
• Aiding the MNDNR in meeting the goals and objectives identified in Minnesota’s Wildlife Action Plan (2015-2025) and the MNDNR Conservation Agenda (2015-2025).
• By restoring agricultural lands that historically were forested, this project will be consistent with Division and Department direction to reduce the amount of land under agricultural lease or cooperative farming agreements.

Information on the critical steps for each of the four restoration sites will be kept in order to provide necessary documentation for required evaluations and for potential restoration audits. Acres restored using these funds will be incorporated into annual division resource management project reporting. The sites at Jay Cooke and Itasca are readily accessible to visitors.

Project managers for the site at the Forestville Mystery Cave State Park conducted a tour for all park and Mystery Cave interpretive staff so they would be aware of the project and able to answer visitor questions and/or include the project in their programming as appropriate.

This would be a perfect project to be featured on our resource management program website. I plan to bring this up to our resource group once the meetings start again this winter.

https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/parks_trails/pat-resource-management/restore-lands.html

Reduced snowfall predicted with climate change is likely to increase the amount of soil frost during winter, increasing the times when forest harvesting can safely occur. We developed tools that will allow managers to predict when and where optimal soil conditions occur to minimize impacts of forest harvesting.

Soils and forest health can be impacted during forest harvesting depending on how much frost is present during winter and how wet the soils are in summer. Climate change is expected to change these conditions, creating challenges for managers to determine when the optimal harvest time will occur. Our objectives were to determine how 1) snow cover influences the rate of frost development; 2) soil moisture influences soil strength; and 3) each of those relationships vary across areas that span a range of soil drainage (relative wetness). We conducted snow removal and rainfall reduction treatments in three aspen forests and monitored soil temperature and moisture, frost development, and soil strength for a period of three years. Treatments were conducted across a range of drainage classes that were expected to influence the treatment response and which could be readily identified by managers in the field (to improve application of any findings). We determined that snow removal causes significant increases in frost development and that the relationship is dependent on relative soil wetness of the forest: wetter, more poorly drained soils had lower frost development compared to drier, well-drained soils. Rainfall reduction had limited and inconsistent effects on soil moisture, possibly because of the small plot size. The relationships between soil moisture and soil strength were also inconsistent, hindering identification of the optimal soil moisture content where soil strength is optimal to reduce harvest impacts under non-frozen conditions. Based on our findings and previously developed metrics, we developed a map of harvest suitability for all forested areas in Minnesota under two scenarios, which can be used by managers and landowners to identify the season when forest harvesting is likely to have the smallest impact on soil and forest health. The results provide managers with tools that support sustainable forest management and the benefits it provides.

We summarized the primary project findings into peer-reviewed journal articles that highlight key relationships and considerations that managers can use when determining the optimal time to conduct forest harvests. The information was also shared with resource managers at the annual Research Review conducted annually by UMN’s Sustainable Forestry Education Cooperative. The journal articles are still in publication, but a graduate student thesis is available here that outlines the primary findings. In addition, we created a map of harvest suitability by season for the forested region of Minnesota that can be accessed here. These two references are missing their hyperlink info.

Our research showed amphipods are particularly sensitive to their wetland environments. High abundances of amphipods useful as wildlife food requires wetlands with high plant diversity and abundance, low concentrations of pesticides, and few fishes. Our work suggests many ways to manage and protect amphipod populations and their high biodiversity habitats.

Amphipods (shrimp-like aquatic invertebrates) are found in a variety of Minnesota’s wetlands and are important food for many species of waterfowl, amphipods, and fish. Two species of prairie amphipods (Gammarus lacustris and Hyalella azteca) have declined in recent decades and have been linked to decline in the continental population of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) ducks. Our project had two objectives: (1) to learn what wetland conditions support high abundances of amphipods, and (2) to assess whether “stocking” amphipods in seemingly high-quality wetlands was successful at establishing new populations.

We surveyed 66 wetlands across western Minnesota for amphipod abundance, fish, aquatic plants, water quality, and surrounding landcover. Key findings included a positive relationship between amphipod abundance and aquatic plant biodiversity, and negative relationships to pyrethroid pesticide levels and several fish species, especially black bullheads (Ameiurus melas).

We also collected G. lacustris amphipods and stocked them into wetlands at 19 sites. We surveyed amphipods before and up to 3 years after stocking to assess survival and reproduction. G. lacustris were detected in only one stocked site after stocking, suggesting that our stocking methods did not create sustained new populations.

Our results will inform management actions to support wetland quality and wildlife populations of interest to Minnesota’s waterfowl hunters, birdwatchers, and other wetland enthusiasts. Our results suggest amphipods will benefit from actions that increase aquatic plant diversity, remove and prevent black bullhead and other fish invasions, and reduce impacts of high intensity agriculture. Management might include drawdowns, fish barriers, upland riparian buffers, and reduced agricultural pesticide use. Further, results from Objective 1 can be used to better target stocking wetlands where G. lacustris are likely to thrive and spread on the Minnesota landscape. We are sharing results with natural resource managers and the public via publications, presentations, and depositing data in publicly-accessible repositories.

We trained, mentored, and provided paid work experience to two successful master’s students and 23 undergraduates, producing two theses and five capstone projects. We shared information via MNDNR Research Summaries, two open-access scientific publications describing invertebrate sampling methods and amphipod-aquatic plant relationships, and 16 oral and poster presentations at professional conferences (see YouTube and ResearchGate). We have drafted a third paper and planned four more. Additional outreach included a MNDNR virtual presentation, Minnesota Conservation Volunteer article, Minnesota Public Radio podcast and article, KSTP-TV broadcast, and informal communication with curious members of the public in the field, site managers, and landowners.

Native orchid populations across the state have been stored in a long-term seedbank at the Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, preserving these native jewels. This project also preserved many of the fungal partners that orchids need to survive and establish in the wild.

This project worked to bank the seed of more of Minnesota’s native orchid species, a complex and difficult plant family to conserve because of their complex biology. As part of this seed banking effort, there is a wealth of research that must be done with each species, to determine how best to store seed and propagate them and what the soil fungal partners are and how those fungi can be used to establish these notoriously difficult species, either in display beds for visitors to enjoy or in the wild to establish, augment or protect their presence in or landscapes. There are about 46 native orchid species in Minnesota and understanding how to propagate them and store their seed had not previously been well-established for nearly all of them. This project sought to develop that information for as many of those species as possible. Overwhelmingly successful, multiple populations of these plants were banked for nearly all species and research on nearly all 46 species has been successful and continues. A fungal bank of nearly 500 specimens was also established to grow and work with the fungal partners that orchids need.

This work will not only benefit visitors to the Arboretum, it is already being used by groups across the state, region and country for a variety of projects that would have previously been unthinkable or unsuccessful, including outplantings of native orchids in restored or protected landscapes and transplants and rescues of plants under immediate threat from development or construction. The resulting information we have produced, and continue to produce, is invaluable for any groups wanting to work with these species.

Orchids brought into the seedbank and propagated at UMLA have been displayed in existing and new display beds with a series of educational brochures. Displaying orchids at UMLA allows visitors to see many species that they would likely never see in person otherwise. We give talks, in person or virtually, and have been able to reach out in a variety of media formats, including a website. Finally, we have been able to use the techniques, infrastructure and expertise developed during this project to assist a variety of groups in a variety of conservation-aimed projects related to native orchids.

Provide approximately 14 matching grants to local units of government for local parks, acquisition of locally significant natural areas and trails to connect people safety to desirable community locations and regional or state facilities. Park development includes nature-based recreation facilities and does not include playgrounds, sports courts or sport fields.

The primary project results include,

• Six Outdoor Recreation grants to provide nature based outdoor recreation opportunities including park trails, natural resource interpretive opportunities, boating and fishing facilities in Andover, Brooklyn Park, Princeton, St. Peter, Wright County and Zumbrota.
• Four Natural and Scenic Area grants to help protect 139.5 acres of significant natural and scenic areas in Bayport, Wright and Washington Counties through fee title and permanent conservation easement.
• Four Local Trail Connection grants to provide safe, accessible trails to parks, schools, and other significant locations within the communities of Austin, Canby, Luverne and Moose Lake.
• Project administration for the grants was completed for $50,000. Two application cycles were completed, applications reviewed and selected for grants. Active projects were monitored, financial review completed, grantees reimbursed, final site visits completed as needed, projects close, land acquisition report filed.

The Outdoor Recreation (Local Parks), Natural and Scenic Area and Local Trail Connections Grant Programs provide competitive matching grants for local parks, natural areas and trails to local governments for land acquisition and improvements related to parks and trails. Many projects include renovation of existing facilities to improve safety and accessibility, acquisition of locally significant natural and scenic areas, completion of trail linkages to safely connect where people live to desirable locations within the community and/or connecting local trails to regional or state facilities.

A Request for Proposal is announced for the programs in December of each year through our park and trail contacts e-mail list and regional and statewide organization. Regional and statewide organizations are encouraged to forward to their members. Program information and applications are available to download on the DNR Recreation Grants webpage under each specific program. A list of the awarded projects is posted on the program webpages under recent grants.

The Mesabi Trail is a project to build a paved trail from Grand Rapids to Ely. At the conclusion of this phase of the project, approximately 150 miles of the trail are complete. With this appropriation, permitting and engineering was completed, and construction began for this segment of the trail from County Road 88 to the City of Ely.

The funds for this project have been spent toward the development of Mesabi Trail segment from County Road 88 to Ely. Engineering design, specifications, environmental and permitting have all been completed. Construction has started. We will now use the funds from our M.L. 2021, First Special Session, Chp. 6, Art. 6, Sec. 2, Subd. 09b – Mesabi Trail: CSAH 88 to Ely ($1,650,000) to complete the Construction Engineering Management and Construction for this 3.0 mile trail segment.

The Mesabi Trail news and updates are provided through a variety of media, marketing and publications. Web site is: Mesabitrail.com. The following are some of the groups & organizations that disseminate Mesabi Trail information and typically include updates of newly completed trail segments and activities:

• Club Mesabi (10,000 maps & web site)
• Iron Range Tourism (30,000 brochures & web site)
• MN Office of Tourism
• amperes radio
• Parks & Trails, Home & Away, other private magazines
• Over 240,000 trail users per year
• Great River Energy/Mesabi Trail annual tour
• Named by the Star Tribune as "Best of Minnesota" in year 2013
• Named by Bicycle Magazine as "top 10 in the country"
• Information distributed at over 70 locations including Chambers of Commerce, visitor centers, businesses
• MN DOT/Pedal MN bikeways map
• "Second best trail in Midwest USA" Dubuque Iowa, 2017

ENRTF Acknowledgement is provided in these dissemination activities per the Acknowledgement Requirements.

This project provided funding to purchase fee title interest in 20 parcels to create a corridor for the extension of the Harmony-Preston state trail from the City of Harmony to the Iowa border, with a spur to Niagara Cave.

Originally conceived as a part of the Governor’s Design Team project in 1989, the extension south to the Iowa border and Niagara Cave was the next segment to be constructed of the Harmony-Preston Valley State Trail. Since the completion of the existing segment in the mid-90s, local volunteers worked with landowners to extend the trail south from Harmony to the major tourist attraction, Niagara Cave, and the Iowa border where the trail system from northeast Iowa will connect to create an interstate trail system.

Local volunteers secured option contracts on 16 parcels to secure the land corridor necessary for the approximately 6-mile trail. The options were set to expire on December 31, 2019. LCCMR funding was secured in 2018 to provide a funding source to exercise the options and purchase fee title what ended up being portions of 20 parcels. This acquired land will be donated to the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources per the authorizing legislation.

This funding provided in this project will allow for the construction of the state trail extension, which is to be completed in 2021. Once completed, this project will provide a recreational opportunity to regional residents and visitors from both in and outside of Minnesota; promoting outdoor recreation, health, and enjoyment of southeastern Minnesota natural resources.

No materials were created to promote or disseminate information about this project as it was purely related to land acquisition.

This project was mentioned in local media reports including newspapers and television news. All reports mentioned that funding was made possible through a grant from LCCMR and the Harmony Area Community Foundation. “Funding provided by” signage utilizing the trust fund logo will be placed on the bike trial route.

This project was intended to enhance Minnesotans experience of the natural beauty of the state through the development of 0.75 miles of trail. While much design and planning were completed for this trail, the actual trail could not be built due to land acquisition problems.

This project proposed to construct an approximate a 0.75-mile-long segment of the Mississippi Blufflands State Trail along Red Wing’s riverfront from Barn Bluff Regional Park to Colvill Park. A portion of the trail required the purchase of fee interest of a right-of-way held by the Canadian Pacific Railway. Early in the project, the City of Red Wing achieved agreement with the CP Railway to acquire this ROW, and trail planning was underway. Unfortunately, during the project period, CP Railway’s director of real estate abruptly left. This, followed by the COVID epidemic, essentially stalled acquisition negotiations. While the project was granted a one-year COVID extension through the legislature, the railway continued to be non-responsive until after the grant expired.

Over the late spring and early summer of 2022, the Canadian Pacific Railway has been responsive to our need to the fee interest in the railroad ROW necessary to build the project. The ENRTF appropriation ended on June 30, 2022. In July the CP Railway agreed to sell the needed ROW. The CP Railway amount needed was identified as approximately 25,473 square feet with approximately 5,248 square feet identified for temporary construction easement needs. CP Railway staff agreed to maintain the price of $3.55 per square foot to acquire right of way necessary for the project, approximately 25,475 square feet or $90,429.15, using non-ENRTF funds. No other costs will be associated with the agreement.

On Monday, August 22, 2022, the purchase agreement was approved and executed by the City Council. Although this process took multiple years and required the return of grant funding the city remains committed to seeking full funding for this important Mississippi riverfront trail segment.

We expect the closing for the property to be completed within 90 days.

While desired results of this project—0.75 miles of trail built—were not ultimately completed during this appropriation period, the City of Red Wing diligently updated the city council as to progress of this trail, including tours of the proposed trail route. The city also provided press releases regarding ENRTF funding. At the City Council meeting of August 22, 2022, it was stated during the project period no progress was gained on the property acquisition and the ENRTF grant had expired. The project is at 65% design with level three cost estimates completed.

The Swedish Immigrant Regional Trail within Interstate Park was designed and constructed to protect the natural resources within the State Park Land while preserving rare plants, native tree species and wetlands. The Interstate State Park trail enhances Minnesota’s air, water, and wildlife by avoidance and mitigation of many natural resources that were present. Resulting trail is a 10 ft. wide bituminous surface with a 160 ft. long bridge crossing a ravine.

The Swedish Immigrant Regional Trail project was constructed within Interstate Park State Park and into the City of Taylors Falls. This segment of trail has a ten-foot-wide bituminous trail surface and is approximately .60 miles in length that was designed as an ADA compliant multi-use and non-motorized trail. The main goal of this project was to expand the Swedish Immigrant Regional Trail further east to allow a safe route for pedestrians and bicyclist to travel. The project will benefit many local communities and Minnesotans alike by connecting multiple cities along this trail corridor. The trail will likely attract new visitors each year to enjoy the majestic views of Interstate State Park while also providing health and wellness benefits.

The overall project was implemented years prior to construction through the vision and involvement of many organizations, stakeholders, cities and residents to construct a County Regional Trail within a State Park and along a historic rail corridor to Taylors Falls. During the construction phase many accomplishments were achieved by excellent planning and cooperation, some of these included a beautiful 160 ft. bridge over a ravine and a trailhead that incorporated many great landscaping features that are prevalent in the region. Throughout the entire construction project one of the main challenges was to find the perfect trail alignment that meet all necessary trail compliances while also minimized impacts to many of the Interstate State Park environmental, natural, and cultural resources.

The Minnesota Environmental and Natural Resources Trust Fund (ENRTF) acknowledgement has be very prevalent throughout the entire project. The use of the trust fund logo and attributed language have been printed in newspaper publications and Environmental Services Newsletters, social media platforms and signage along the Swedish Immigrant Regional Trail corridor. Throughout the project we have created several documents and other online resources to help communicate and receive public outreach. Some of these include the use of electronic public surveys and mailing for community input and involvement.

The Superior Hiking Trail is well placed to lessen the environmental impact of trail users and the Association is better equipped to build and maintain a more sustainable hiking trail.

This LCCMR grant allowed SHTA to conduct assessments by professional trail builders and ecologists, focusing on the most worn-out sections of the Trail. The grant also allowed us to build a trail database – a repository for all relevant documents of the SHT and a place to catalog work projects.

All users of the SHT will benefit from a better built and more resilient Superior Hiking Trail. Their experience should be more pleasant and safer. The SHT is a Minnesota recreational icon; everyone is rooting for its continued existence and good health.

Our database is in use almost daily; it was not intended for dissemination or use outside the SHTA. The trail assessments were heavily scrutinized internally and shared with the affected resource professionals. The educational videos are online for the public. The volunteer manual, once finalized, will serve hundreds of SHTA volunteers and set a new standard for trail maintenance.

We generally don’t make the assessment reports public, but we do provide them to people who ask for them. We certainly supply the state park officials with these assessments.

The videos we produced are on the internet for the world to see. The volunteer trail maintenance manual will be distributed to the hundreds of volunteers who put in time on the SHT. The videos and the manual contain/will contain the requisite language explaining the support of the ENRTF grant.

The project preserved 200 acres of forest on the upper Mississippi River. After the grant was awarded, the project grew to ultimately preserve 1,338.4-acres locally. Of this total, Baxter now has 880-contiguous acres (including the project 200 acres) of high-quality natural resource property preserved within Baxter.

The 200-acres targeted for this protection project were at risk of being sold for development along the city limits of Baxter and the scenic rolling hills of the Mississippi River. Another downfall of development of the land beyond the conservation impacts are the encroachment that hinders training of soldiers at Camp Ripley. Camp Ripley has prioritized protecting lands near the military base to continue their important training mission without negatively impacting citizens near the base. The major project objective was to purchase and permanently protect the 200-acres that are directly adjacent to Baxter Overlook Park to the west. This land would also become part of Forestview Middle School’s outdoor classroom.

After discussions with Potlatch, as well as Sylvan Township, Cass County, and Crow Wing County, it became apparent that this project could utilize more funding and have broader local government support and protect more forestland in a larger context. This Baxter Overlook Park project appraised less than anticipated at the project outset, and utilized $400,000 in Department of Defense funding, and $330,322 in LCCMR funding for a total cost of $730,322 (55% DoD funding; 45% LCCMR funding). Additional non-federal funding was needed for match in the larger project, and the increased LCCMR match allowed for $2.1 million in DoD funding and $1.29 million in LSOHC to be applied over the entire project scope of 1,546.84-acres.

This protection project will grant Minnesotans the ability to recreate, hunt, and enjoy the public lands that encompass the entire project area, even beyond the City of Baxter. It will also allow for hundreds of middle school students to learn about Minnesota’s forests each year, and perhaps inspire future generations to cherish and continue to protect our shared natural resources.

The project was completed, and the property was purchased by the City of Baxter on June 30, 2020. Along with this 198.5-acre Baxter Overlook Park addition, TCF, Baxter, and Camp Ripley partners were also able to protect 1,338.4-acres of additional forestlands from Potlatch in this area in this same negotiation to also be permanently protected utilizing LSOHC and Department of Defense funding, totaling more than $3,700,000. Multiple public partners, including Baxter, Cass County, Crow Wing County, and Sylvan Township now hold those properties for public use and wildlife habitat benefits. The scope of the project grew over time and achieved a greater outcome than the partners anticipated in 2018. Additional non-federal funding was needed for match in the larger project, and the additional LCCMR match allowed for $2.1 million in DoD funding to be applied over the entire project scope.

The City notified the public of the environmental, educational, open-space recreational opportunities of the property with an article in the local Baxter newsletter, which is sent to all residents. City staff also joined Camp Ripley Environmental staff, and The Conservation Fund staff by going on-air on WJJY radio to discuss the environmental project and opportunities. Lastly, on November 2, 2021, the City Council authorized City staff to execute a contract with SRF Consulting to guide the City through an Open Space Master Plan study. A significant portion of the study is public outreach and civic engagement to help the City develop an open space master plan for the property.

Pieces about this project were published in MinnPost, the Brainerd Dispatch, and the Conservation Fund website and a Conservation Fund press release.

A correlation between forestland protection and water quality has been identified. This project provided funding for restoration practices on public lands and protected 1,982 acres of private lands via conservation programs. Land protection efforts were guided by atlases that provided a method to prioritize and target high quality parcels.

The MN Department of Natural Resources (DNR) Fisheries has identified a strong correlation between lake water quality that sustains fish populations and maintaining 75% forest cover in a specific watershed. This project focused on protecting private property in minor watersheds that were identified to have important aquatic and terrestrial habitat, are sensitive to phosphorous, have less than 75% of the watershed is protected, and support cold water fisheries.

We have completed 17 atlases, assisting with prioritizing and targeting the best parcels on which to focus outreach efforts. They allowed outreach efforts to take cost effectiveness, habitat types, and minor watershed protection percentages into account while conducting targeted mailings and meeting to approve projects. We were able to enroll six landowners in Reinvest in Minnesota (RIM) conservation easements totaling 420.5 now permanently protected acres, eclipsing our goal of 135 acres. SWCD foresters and private consultants provided 15 forest stewardship plans for landowners, resulting in 1,561.5 acres being enrolled in the Sustainable Forest Incentive Act (SFIA) program, surpassing the goal of 12. One Best Management Practice (BMP) was completed on public land, falling short of our goal of six BMPs. A lack of existing permanently protected properties in the project area resulted in difficulties recruiting private landowners to conduct BMPs.

This project will give Minnesotans the ability to enjoy the benefits of clean water and intact and unfragmented fish and wildlife habitat. These benefits include recreation, healthy fish and wildlife populations, and benefits to the local economy that relies on tourism focused on benefits of the surrounding natural resources.

The project has provided the Minnesota Environmental and Natural Resources Trust Fund acknowledgment through the use of the Trust Fund logo and attributed language in outreach materials and maps, newsletter publications, radio interviews, social media platforms, website pages, agreement forms, and signage marking the borders of conservation easements.

Permanently protected 249 acres of high-quality historically undisturbed native prairie, which house state threatened and special concerns species, Species in Greatest Conservation Need and a wide variety of pollinators. Prairie enhancement (903 acres), outreach, monitoring and research activities were implemented across the state to improve prairie habitat.

In total, 249 acres of high-quality native prairie, containing threatened and special concerns species, Species in Greatest Conservation Need and many pollinators, were permanently protected through 7 Native Prairie Bank easements. Protection efforts preserve some of the best remaining native prairie in the state for all citizens benefit. Native prairies function at a significantly higher level and provide habitat to more species of insects, birds, reptiles, and mammals than restored prairie. Additionally, 14 Baseline Property Reports and 49 monitoring events were completed and funds for the 7 closed Native Prairie Banks were enrolled into the Easement Stewardship Account.

A total of 25 acres of prairie reconstruction/rehabilitation, 688 acres of invasive/woody control and 190 acres of prescribed disturbance were completed to improve prairie quality throughout the state. Adaptive Management Monitoring was completed on 15 Native Prairie Banks. Knowledge gained through this monitoring will help landowners, managers and partners improve management of prairies and wetlands.

DNR Prairie Specialists participated in 6 outreach events and engaged over 130 priority prairie landowners on prairie protection, restoration, and enhancement. Prairie Stewardship Plans were completed for 10 landowners providing site management recommendations. The Prairie Landowner Network launched in July 2020 through creation of a Facebook page. As of August 17, 2022 (~762 days after launch) there were 827 members on the Facebook page, with posting every 1-2 days. In June 2021, the first Prairie Landowner Network Zine was mailed to ~6,000 prairie landowners. A second zine was mailed in May 2022.

Throughout this appropriation many challenges were encountered. A decrease in payment rates caused higher decline, more time needed by landowners to decide on enrollment and the need for increased staffing to accomplish goals. A pandemic froze/limited the ability to do many tasks, but staff got creative and looked for alternative approaches to get work done.

Ten prairie stewardship plans have been completed with landowners provided a copy. These plans will guide the landowner’s enhancement activities for well over a decade. The 2021 and 2022 edition of the Minnesota Prairie Landowner Network Zine were mailed to over 6,000 prairie landowners (each time) across the state. DNR Prairie Specialists participated in 6 outreach events educating hundreds of youth, citizens and landowners on the importance of prairie protection and management. All outreach materials produced through this appropriation followed ENRTF acknowledgement guidelines.

Acquisition of Minnesota State Park and State Trail land provides permanent, effective and consolidated protection and management of pristine natural areas representative of diverse landscapes throughout the entire state of Minnesota for perpetual enjoyment by State Park and Trail users.

Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund funding resulted in the Department of Natural Resources acquiring approximately 101.29 acres of land within the statutory boundaries of three Minnesota State Parks and one legislatively authorized State Trail.

• Acquired 6.05 acres of land within Tettegouche State Park. This property protects the view shed of the Palisade Coast from Shovel Point to Palisade Head along the Lake Superior shoreline. The property allows for public access to a cobblestone beach, protection of ~350 feet of shoreline, and is located immediately adjacent to the Tettegouche cart-in campground.
• Acquired 15.77 acres of land within Sibley State Park. It is the last private parcel remaining on Lake 21, allowing for the protection of ~400 feet of shoreline. It could support a trail extension going around the lake.
• Acquired 17.5 acres along the legislatively authorized Glacial Lakes State Trail. The property is a connection around a large wetland south and east of Highway 71/CSAH 40 tunnel. This acquisition reduced wetland impacts, development costs, and allow for an improved trail alignment that preserves a stand of old growth bur oak trees.
• Acquired 2 acres of land within Tettegouche State Park. This parcel provides lakeshore access on Lake Superior with high recreation opportunities, spectacular scenic qualities and breathtaking vistas. The site was determined to be National Register Quality representing a rare intact facility. The parcel represents the opportunity for a bike trail and pedestrian access to the proposed Gitchi-Gami State Trail alignment from Silver Bay to Tettegouche State Park.
• Acquired 59.97 acers of land within William O’Brien State Park. The parcel would be restored to a historical native prairie setting extending the naturalist communities of this region. This area is under consideration for the new gateway bike trail extension route and will allow for the protection of higher quality resources.

The state park acquisitions dissemination have been communicated through updated state park maps reflecting state managed land and are identified as public land open to be used and enjoyed by all visitors. The state trail maps will be updated once the construction is completed. The trail is currently in design.

Volunteers and contractors with Minnesota DNR completed enhancement activities on over 1,300 acres on 73 Minnesota SNAs. The new 215-acre Little Mantrap Lake SNA, with over a mile of undeveloped shoreline, 14 native plant communities and a known population of an extremely rare orchid was protected for all to benefit.

Minnesota’s Scientific and Natural Areas (SNAs) are public lands representing the state’s best hope for protecting rare features and averting biodiversity loss. This appropriation strengthened the “science” in SNA through monitoring-based habitat enhancement, citizen-science action and outreach, and strategic acquisition to protect high-quality natural lands. Over 1,325 acres across 73 SNAs had restoration activities take place, were treated for terrestrial and woody invasive species, received much-needed prescribed disturbance (e.g., prescribed fire, haying, and grazing), or received other site improvement work to maintain the overall quality of natural habitats for the rare and unique species which call these lands home. Such habitat work was guided by monitoring and site-assessment efforts taken on by staff and volunteers: at least 112 SNA stewardship or interpretive events were held with participant volunteers donating thousands of hours to the educational, citizen-science, and stewardship aims of the SNA Program, led in part by the network of long-term volunteer Site Stewards serving at almost all SNAs. Online users observed upgrades to SNA’s webpage, enhanced SNA social media presence and content which dramatically ramped up followers, subscribers, and forum membership numbers since this funding began, extending the reach and audience of the SNA Program on a variety of platforms to enhance public support for conservation. On June 23, 2023, through this appropriation, the 215-acre Little Man Trap Lake SNA acquisition project in Becker County closed. With more than a mile of undeveloped shoreline on Little Man Trap Lake, this parcel has 14 different documented native plant communities and has a known population of a state endangered orchid that is extremely rare to find in North America. Through this appropriation’s support for programmatic acquisition work, four other SNA acquisition projects were recruited and developed, these have now proceeded on alternative funding.

The SNA website and events calendar were updated frequently. The SNA Facebook channel achieved 8,453 followers. The SNA Flickr social media channel, used to encourage high quality photo sharing, had 105 members and over 1,195 photos. The SNA Program began contributing content to Instagram, with posts twice per month to DNR’s agency-wide Instagram channel. Through this appropriation, eight Issues (Fall 2019, Winter 2019, Spring 2020, Summer 2020, Fall 2020, Winter 2020, Spring 2021, Summer 2021) of the Nature Notes e-newsletter were delivered to about 10,000 subscribers each time. Acknowledgement of the ENRTF was included in all project communications per LCCMR’s guidelines.

Sub-Projects M.L. 2018, Subd. 10:

• 01: State-wide Reconnaissance of SARS-CoV-2 in Drinking Water Supplies - $59,297
  
• 02: Chronic Wasting Disease Targeted Outreach Engaging Culturally-Diverse Hunting Communities - $270,468
  
• 03: Environmental Assessment of CWD Prions at the Beltrami County Deer Carcass Dump Site - $108,232
  

This appropriation was used to support the ENRTF contract management program, which ensured that ENRTF grantees expended grant funds in compliance with state law, session law, approved work plans, and Office of Grants Management grants policies.

This appropriation was used to support the ENRTF contract management program, which ensured that ENRTF grantees expended grant funds in compliance with state law, session law, approved work plans, and Office of Grants Management grants policies.

The DNR Grants Unit managed 71 grants active in FY 2019. In FY 2020, the Grants Unit managed 72 active grants.

Between 1/1/2019 when billing began and 06/30/2020 when it ended, the DNR Grants Unit:

• Made 194 reimbursements to grantees totaling $7,702,401
• Finished executing 25 ML 2019 grant agreements
• Prepared 18 grant amendements for ENRTF grants extended due to COVID, including implementation of electronic signature process
• Billed 1,167 hours at the FY 2020 professional services rate of $66.00/hr and 906 at the FY2019 rate of $64/hr
• Monitored all grants in compliance with Office of Grants Management policies.

Project personnel were in frequent contact with appropriation recipients and LCCMR staff. Information was disseminated through manuals, training sessions, orientations, meetings, memos, letters, emails, newsletter, and phone.